The Benefits of Guide Dogs Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Benefits of need Dogs and the Process of Obtaining ThemIf you be 16 or older, legally blind, and gull the capacity to love and take care of a leaper, you may be a candidate for a guiding eyes dog. Guide dogs help blind or visually impaired people get around the world. In most countries, they are allowed anywhere that the open is allowed, so they can help their motorbuss be any place they might want to go. To do this, a guide dog must know how to keep on a direct route, ignoring distractions such as smells, other animals and people, maintain a steady pace to the left and just ahead of the handler, s solve at all curbs until told to proceed, turn left and right, move forward-moving and stop on command, recognize and avoid obstacles that the handler wont be able to fit through (narrow passages and overheads), stop at the bottom and top of stairs until told to proceed, bring the handler to elevator buttons, lie quietly when the handler is sitting down, help the handler to b oard and move around buses, subways, and other forms of public transportation, and finally, to obey a number of verbal commands (Fueoco, 2001). Additionally, a guide dog must know to disobey any command that would put the handler in danger. This ability, called selective disobedience, is perhaps the most amazing think about guide dogs that they can balance obedience with their own assessment of the situation. This capacity is extremely definitive at crosswalks, where the handler and dog must work very closely together to navigate the situation safely. When the team reaches the curb, the dog stops, signaling to the handler that they have reached a crosswalk. Dogs cannot distinguish the color of employment lights, so the handler must make the decision of when it is safe to proceed across the road. The handler listens to the flow of traffic to figure out when the light has changed and then gives the command, forward. If there is no danger, the dog proceeds across the road in a strai ght line. If there are cars approaching, the dog waits until the danger is gone and then follows the forward command.In a handler guide dog team, the guide dog doesnt lead the handler and the handler doesnt completely control the guide dog the two work together t... ...to the puppy - raisers if they are thinking of one day owning a dog but are unaware of the responsibility that comes along with it. Puppy raisers are also just doing it out of the goodness of their hearts, which is a great thing, in my eyes. I believe that the process in which these dogs go through is necessary, and extremely important if there is expected success. Success, of course, is the ability of a blind person and dog to work together and live happily. The dog serves as eyes for the owner, and the owner is a companion to a dog that is required to have much enculturation during training. It is not difficult to see how wonderful this practice of guide dog training can be, and the substantial benefits that deve lop once the training is completed. Works CitedFueoco, Linda. Guide Dog Educates Students, Gives Owner Mobility. Pet Tales. 1.2 (October 2001). Oct. 2001.http//www.post - gazette.com/pets/20001025spet.asphttp//penny.myriad.net/chosen.htmlhttp//www.guidedogs.com.au/faq/faq_dog.htmlhttp//www.guiding-eyes.org/info/getdog.htmlhttp//thepuppyplace.org/page19.htmlhttp//www.guidedogsofamerica.org/pupraise/about.html

The Presentation of Jocelin in Chapter One Essay -- Dean Jocelin Willi

The Presentation of Jocelin in Chapter OneDean Jocelin is a priest at St Marys Cathedral in Salisbury. He has avision that God has chosen him to erect a great spire on hiscathedral. During Chapter 1 we see many different qualities ofJocelin. The first answer for we meet of him is a visual picture of alaughing man this represents a joyful, exhilarant person. It showsthat this is the beginning of his vision and e reallything is takingplace before him. In the import sentence our view shifts and we seewhat he sees, the sunlight exploding through the glass, lifting up theimages of Abraham, Isaac and God. Our sense of seeing through his eyesis strengthened with additional spokes and wheel. from each one time thesunlight appears inside the cathedral Jocelin recreates his vision,and it reinforces the rightness of what he is doing. There is avarious repetition of Jocelin laughing chin up, this begins to sounda little insane, however chin up shows he is a very confident andproud man who thi nks he has all authority over everybody else. He alsothinks that St Marys Cathedral belongs to him, as he uses therepetition of my this would signify, that it is his territory. Myplace, my house, my people.The cathedral and the spire becomes an stalkion to Jocelin as hedescribes it as a living, living building. He describes thebuilding like a man lying on his back.The nave was his legs placed together, the transepts on either sidewere his arms outspread. The choir was his body and the maam Chapelwhere now the services would be held, was in his head. He describesthe spire as the crown and the majesty. The great one of allJocelin seems to be a very religious man because when he enters the... ...erson who Jocelin has great affection for is hisdaughter in God, Goody Pangall. Jocelin thinks that she is entirelywomen and she is the one topic of conversation that he discusses with by-line with Pangall. For example when Pangall is worried about thebuilders, the first question Jocelin as ks is, Is your good wife? Dothey work too near her? and Pangall replys no, Do they report her assome men will treat women in the street? Call after her? Speaklewdly?In conclusion to this essay, Jocelin has become obsess ional over thespire because he has forgotten that the vision is from God and when hethanks God, it shows he is grateful that god has given this vision tohim however it is not for Jocelin, it is for God. Jocelin also doesnot listen to anybody elses comments. All he cares about is himselfand how he looks rather than the cathedral.

Quality - John Galsworthy :: Free Essay Writer

Quality - John GalsworthyExhausted, bitter, and miserable is the way that many people feel when they wake up in the break of the day to get ready for dally. Even the very thought of work puts some people in a bad mood. Others may not mind work but still do not look forward to going. It is a rare occasion to find some iodin who is completely satisfied with his or her career. However, for one man, work is bliss. In Quality by Galsworthy, Gessler, the shoemaker, is shown to be a man of integrity and of complete dedication to his work. Mr. Gessler had his own shoe business where he do leather boots. His dedication is shown through the fact that, He made only what was ordered, never taking ready-made shoes down from the shelf. (Quality pg. 213.) He wanted each pair of boots to be a custom fit to each individual and for every pair he made, he used a purpose taken from the customers foot size. One day the narrator of the story walked into Mr. Galsworthys shop wearing a pair of boots fr om a spoilt business. Mr. Gessler noticed them right onward and after a short time he said, Dey get id all, dey get id by advertisement, nod by work. Dey take it away from us, who lofe our boots. (Quality pg.215) Later in the story, the reader comes to find out that Mr. Gessler is forced to sacrifice half of his shop to a big business. This did not faze him, and he continued to make his boots for the same price and with the same amount of painstaking work. He must be truly dedicated in order to be intimate his business unconditionally. Mr. Gessler spent such an incredible amount of time preparing the shoes, never trying to expiate the process, in order to make them as perfect as possible and because of this, he stood behind all of his work. The narrator, absent-minded of the fact that Mr.Gessler was so passionate about his boots once said to him, Mr. Gessler, that last pair of boots creaked, you know. Angered by the sons comment, Mr. Gessler said, Zend dem back I will look at dem . He went on to say, Zome boods, are bad from birdt. If I can do noding wid dem, I dake dem finish up your bill. (Quality pg. 215) Not only does this show dedication, but also integrity because he was honest about his work and wanted to satisfy his customer.

Privitization Essay -- essays papers

PrivitizationEvery working Ameri jakes citizen contributes to genial Security. Anyone who has everheld a business sector has felt the frustration of seeing how much money the goernment takes out of theirpaycheck. Being told that we will all be sufficient to collect social security department when we can no longerwork does not ease the frustration of having 6.2% of our hard earned money taken from us eachpayday. If individuals could have falsify of their retirement funds, this frustration could beeased. Being able to control our own retirement funds is an option that is being supported moreand more by American workers.Currently, nearly 44 million Americans receive Social Security benefits. Of these 44million, 61% ar retired workers, 17% are survivors of deceased workers, 12% are spouses andchildren of retired workers, and 10% are disabled workers. Obviously, the major group of SocialSecurity Beneficiaries is retired workers. Since the number of working Americans has notgr own along with the number who are retiring, Social Security has become a black hole to thecurrent generation of workers. We will pay into it most of our lives, but will not be able tocollect unless a drastic change is made.Everyone has heard the ongoing debate over the past few years about what should bedone to crystalise Social Security. The Social Security Board of Trustees estimates that by the year2032, Social Security funds will be fully spent. There are several(prenominal) reasons for this, including theretirement of the baby boom generation and the assumption that the U.S. economy will growat a slower rate than it has been. While republicans and democrats fight over whose plan isbetter, there is a simple alternative to Social Security privatization. By reservation social security aprivate matter for individuals, everyone can benefit. One of the plans the presidential term isconsidering includes partial privatization, but it is still centered around a flat tax deduct ed fromthe paychecks of American workers.The idea of Social Security is a good one. There are many retired workers who wouldnot make it without Social Security. I have seen it myself. My mother has been in banking formore than 20 years, and during that judgment of conviction I have seen all kinds of people coming in to deposittheir Social Security checks. The majority of them are middle class, retired workers, a... ...s. Since 1996, they have received an average yearbook rate of return of more than 14%.There are some who would argue that too many people might make poor investmentchoices, and end up going to the government for assistance upon retirement. There is no sureguarantee that this would never happen however, this has not happened in Chile, Galveston, orSan Diego. The purposes of rough-cut funds is to make a profit with very little risk. By investinginto these and other low-risk programs, there is very little chance of people making poor choicesthat leave them wit h nothing.The simple fact is that privately owned retirement accounts would produce an incomemuch greater than Social Security provides, and we wouldnt have to lay out the problem ofrunning out of money. Real life programs like the ones in Chile, Galveston, and San Diego showhow successful Social Security privatization can and would be if only the government wouldgive us the freedom to choose how to protect our future. The current system has failed. Its justa matter of time until Social Security is bankrupt. It is time for the government to let the peopledecide how to provide for their own futures.

textile in turkey :: essays research papers

Certain goods can be imported provided through specialized customs offices. Customs formalities for textile fabrics are carried out by Bursa and Halkali Specialized Customs Directorates. Exceptional circumstances for importation of these products through other Directorates are defined in the legislation establishing such specialized customs Directorates.An importer only needs a tax number to import altogether but restricted items, e.g., firearms, hazardous materials, etc., which can be imported only by genuine establishments, or for which the approval of the Directorate General of Security is required. Agricultural imports, though, often do require import licenses and control certificates. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issues certificates.Turkish documentation procedures require a commercial invoice, a certificate of origin and a bill of lading or airway bill to accompany all commercial shipments. Import licenses and phytosanitary certificates are necessary for fo od and agricultural commodity imports.Commercial Invoice--The commercial invoice must be submitted in triplicate, including the original transcript and must contain a complete description of the goods and all required payment terms. The original must be endorsed by the exporter as follows "We hereby grant that this is the first and original copy of our invoice, the only one issued by our firm for the goods herein mentioned." The Turkish Embassy or Consulate in the United States must certify the document. At least one copy of the invoice should accompany the goods, and the original should be sent to the importer through the correspondent bank.Certificate of Origin--The certificate of origin is to be vigilant in duplicate. No corrections are permitted on this document, which is to be prepared in English by a local chamber of commerce. The Turkish Embassy or Consulate in the United States must certify the certificate of origin. One copy of the document must be surrendered to the customs authorities at the time of importation.

textile in turkey :: essays research papers

Certain goods can be imported just through specialize customs offices. Customs formalities for textile fabrics be carried out by Bursa and Halkali Specialized Customs Directorates. Exceptional circumstances for importation of these products through other Directorates are defined in the legislation establishing such specialized customs Directorates.An importer only needs a tax number to import all but restricted items, e.g., firearms, hazardous materials, etc., which can be imported only by authorized establishments, or for which the approval of the Directorate General of Security is required. Agricultural imports, though, often do require import licenses and control certificates. The Ministry of Agriculture and folksy Affairs issues certificates.Turkish documentation procedures require a commercial invoice, a certificate of pedigree and a appoint of lading or airway bill to accompany all commercial shipments. Import licenses and phytosanitary certificates are necessary for foo d and agricultural commodity imports.Commercial Invoice--The commercial invoice must be submitted in triplicate, including the original copy and must contain a complete description of the goods and all required payment terms. The original must be endorsed by the exporter as follows "We hereby certify that this is the first and original copy of our invoice, the only one issued by our firm for the goods herein mentioned." The Turkish Embassy or Consulate in the United States must certify the document. At least one copy of the invoice should accompany the goods, and the original should be sent to the importer through the correspondent bank.Certificate of Origin--The certificate of origin is to be prepared in duplicate. No corrections are permitted on this document, which is to be prepared in English by a local bedchamber of commerce. The Turkish Embassy or Consulate in the United States must certify the certificate of origin. One copy of the document must be surrendered to th e customs authorities at the time of importation.

Rapid Growth of Christianity in the First Centuries Essay

Account for the rapid growth of Christianity in the first centuries. Christianity gap rapidly from C.E for three hundred years until it was legalized. The fact that this religion spread so quickly is one of the most amazing feats in history in just 300 years Christianity went from one person preaching around a God, to a legalized religion. One of the main reasons for this rapid growth is that Christianity was open to anyone, in Judaism, you were not automatically a Jew and some synagogues did not allow the great unwashed to convert. The great thing about Christianity was that anybody could become a Christian. People often thought of Christianity as Judaism lite. This was because Christianity descended from Judaism and had a lot of the same beliefs it was just easier to become a Christian and the rules were not quite as strict.Both Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic religions so they only believe in one god. The Jewish religion was benignant to gentiles because of its mon otheistic beliefs and moral code who were tired of worshiping the Greek and Roman pantheons (Gods & Goddesses). It got to the point when Jewish Synagogues would no longer allow Christians in them so the Christians Christianity is said to own the highest standard of love to god and to man. Christianity often appealed to poor people who felt alienated by mainstream religions.Back then, most people would be able to chatter fluent Greek, the fact that Christianity was written and mostly spoken in Greek made it appeal to the majority of the people because they could read it. Judaism however was spoken in Hebrew, so only people that could speak Hebrew could understand it. This is why the new testament was written in Greek. The Roman Empire had a enervated religion, so it was very easy to get people to convert to Christianity. After a group of people born-again, others often followed behind. So many people converted to Christianity that Rome became the base of the religion. That Is wh y the Pope lives in Rome this is where Christianity was properly formed.

Coffee preparation Essay

1. Introduction 1. 1 physical bodyure deep brownis abrewedbeveragewith a distinct redolence and flavor, prep bed from the roast seeds of thegenus Coffea institute. The seeds ar found in intent chocolate berry cherries, which grow on trees cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in equatorialthe States, southeastern,South AsiaandAfrica. Green (unroasted) burnt umber is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. chocolate is s lighten uply acidic (pH 5. 05. 1) and can put on a stimulating effect on humans because of itscaffeinecontent. It is one of the most consumed drinks in the world.Wild cocoas energizing effect was alike(p)ly root discovered in the northeast parting of Ethiopia. Coffee civilization first took place in southern Arabia4the early credible evidence of hot chocolate-drinking appears in the set of the 15th century in the Sufishrines ofYemen. In East Africa and Yemen, drinking chocolate berry was used in native religious cer emonies that were in competition with the Christian Church. As a result, theEthiopian Churchbanned its secular consumption until the reign of EmperorMenelik II of Ethiopia.The beverage was also banned inOttoman turkey during the 17th century for political reasonsand was associated with rebellious political activities in europium. Coffee berries, which contain the hot chocolate seeds, are produced by some(prenominal) species of diminutiveever unfledged pubic hair of thegenusCoffea. The 2 most commonly grown are also the most noblely regardedCoffea arabica, and the robusta form of the har distributer Coffea canephora. The latter is resistant to the devastating coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix). Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, offseted, and dried.The seeds are past roasted to varying points, depending on the desired flavor, before universe ground and brewed to name coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of modal values. An important export commod ity, coffee was the top agricultural export fortwelve countriesin 2004,and it was the worlds seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value in 2005. Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Consequently, constitutional coffeeis an expanding market.Many studies assimilate examined thehealth effects of coffee, and whether the overall effects of coffee consumption are positive or negative has been astray disputed. The method acting of brewing coffee has been found to be important in relation to its effects on health. For instance, preparing coffee in aFrench pressleaves more(prenominal) oils in the drink compared with coffee prepared with a papercoffee filter. This might raise the drinkers level of bad cholesterol. Etymology The first consultation to coffee in the English language is in the formchaouaand dates to 1598.In English and other European languages,coffeederives from theOttoman Turkishkahve, via the Italiancaffe. The Tu rkish word in turn was borrowed from theArabic ,qahwah. Arablexicographersmaintain thatqahwahoriginally referred to a type ofwine, and gave itsetymology, in turn, to the verb qaha, signifying to have no appetite,since this beverage was thought to tame ones hunger. Several alternative etymologies exist that hold that the Arab form whitethorn disguise aloanwordfrom an Ethiopian or African source, suggestingKaffa, the subalpine in south westernEthiopiaas one, since the plant is indigenous to that area.However, the term used in that region for the berry and plant isbunn, the native name inShoabeingbun. History Ethiopian ancestors of todaysOromo peoplewere believed to have been the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee plant,though no civilize evidence has been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant or even known well-nigh it, earlier than the 17th century. The story ofKaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian go atherder who discovered coffee, did non appear in piece of writing until 1671 and is probablyapocryphal.Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to beau Omar. According to the ancient chronicle (preserved in the Abd-Al-Kadir manuscript), Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick by prayer, was once exiled from Mocha, Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab. Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery, but found them to be deadly. He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor, but they became hard. He then tried simmering them to soften the seed, which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid.Upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days. As stories of this miracle drug reached Mocha, Omar was asked to return and was make a saint. From Ethiopia, the beverage was introduced into the Arab world finished Egypt and Yemen. The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 1 5th century, in the Sufimonasteries nearlyMokhain Yemen. It was here inArabiathat coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed, in a similar way to how it is now prepared.By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the bosom East,Persia,Turkey, and Yankee Africa. Coffee seeds were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen. Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed. The first coffee smuggled out of the Middle East was bySufiBaba BudanfromYemento India in 1670. Before then, all exported coffee was laboured or otherwise sterilised. Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled seven coffee seeds by gruff them to his chest. The first plants grown from these smuggled seeds were planted inMysore.Coffee then spread to Italy, and to the rest of Europe, toIndonesia, and to the Americas. In 1583,Leonhard Rauwolf, a German physician, gave this description of coffee later on returning from a ten-year trip to theNear East A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerousillnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful. It is composed of water supply and the harvest-festival from a bush called bunnu. Leonard Rauwolf,Reise in die Morgenlander(in German).From theMiddle East, coffee spread to Italy. The thriving trade betweenVeniceand North Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East brought many goods, including coffee, to the Venetian port. From Venice, it was introduced to the rest of Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage byPope Clement VIIIin 1600, despite appeals to ban the Muslim drink. The first European coffee house opened in Italy in 1645. TheDutch East India Companywas the first to import coffee on a large scale. The Dutch later grew the crop inJavaandCeylon.The first exports ofIndonesian coffeefromJavato the Netherlands occurred in 1711. Throu gh the efforts of theBritish East India Company, coffee became popular in England as well. OxfordsQueens Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is nonetheless in existence today. Coffee was introduced in France in 1657 and in Austria and Poland after the 1683Battle of Vienna, when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeatedTurks. When coffee reached North America during the Colonial period, it was initially not as successful as it had been in Europe as alcoholic beverages remained more popular.During theRevolutionary War, the crave for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically this was also collectable to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants. After theWar of 1812, during which Britain temporarily cut off access toteaimports, the Americans taste for coffee grew, and high demand during theAmerican Civil Wartogether with advances in brewing technology secured the position of coffee as an everyday c ommodity in the United States.Coffee consumption declined in England, giving way to tea during the 18th century. The latter beverage was simpler to make, and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea industry there. During theAge of Sail,seamen alongside ships of the BritishRoyal Navymade substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in hot water. The FrenchmanGabriel de Clieubrought a coffee plant to the French territory ofMartiniquein the Caribnoodle, from which much of the worlds cultivated Arabica coffee is descended. Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas.The territory of San Domingo (nowHaiti) saw coffee cultivated from 1734, and by 1788 it supplied half the worlds coffee. The conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to followHaitian Revolution. The coffee industry never fully recovered there. Meanwhile, coffee had beenintroduced to Brazilin 1727, although its cultivation did not gath er momentum until independence in 1822. After this time, monolithic tracts of rainforest were cleared first from the vicinity of Rio and later Sao Paulo for coffee plantations.Cultivation was taken up by many countries in Central America in the latter half of the 19th century, and almost all involved the large-scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people. Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups and bloody suppression of peasants. The notable exception wasCosta Rica, where lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and twentieth centuries. Coffee has become a vitalcash cropfor many developmentcountries.Over one hundred million people indeveloping countrieshave become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income. It has become the primary export and backbone for African countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia,as well as many Central American coun tries. World production In 2011Brazilwas the world leader in production of honey oil coffee, followed byVietnam,IndonesiaandColombia. Arabica coffee seeds are cultivated inLatin America,eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee seeds are grown in western andcentral Africa, throughoutSoutheast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil.Seeds from different countries or regions can customaryly be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma,body, and acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffees growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and handleing. Varietals are slackly known by the region in which they are grown, such asColombian,Java andKona. 2011 Top twenty green coffee producers Rank Country Tonnes Bags x1000 1 Brazil 2,609,040 43,484 2 Vietnam 1,200,000 20,000 3 Indonesia 495,000 8,250 4 Colombia 468,000 7,800 5 Ethiopia 390,000 6,500.6 Peru 326,580 5,443 7 India 319,980 5,333 8 Honduras 270,000 4,500 9 Mexico 258,000 4,300 10 G uatemala 225,000 3,750 11 Uganda 192,720 3,212 12 Nicaragua 126,000 2,100 13 Costa Rica 107,940 1,799 14 Ivory Coast 96,000 1,600 15 Papua New Guinea 84,900 1,415 16 El Salvador 70,500 1,175 17 Cambodia 64,980 1,083 18 Ecuador 64,500 1,075 19 Democratic Republic of the Congo 63,360 1,056 20 Venezuela 60,000 1,000 Total World 7,875,180 131,253 1. 1 (table) biological science 1. 2 fig (Illustration ofCoffea arabicaplant and seeds).Several species of shrub of the genusCoffeaproduce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main species commercially cultivated areCoffea canephora(predominantly a form known as robusta) andC. arabica. C. arabica, the most highly regarded species, is native to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and theBoma Plateauin southeastern Sudan and possiblyMount Marsabitin northernKenya. C. canephorais native to western and central Subsaharan Africa, fromGuineato theUgandaand southern Sudan. Less popular species areC. liberica,excelsa,stenophylla,maur itiana, andracemosa.All coffee plants are classified in the large familyRubiaceae. They areevergreenshrubs or smallish trees that may grow 5m (15ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, usually 1015cm (46in) long and 6cm (2. 4in) wide. The flowers are axillary, and clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously and are followed by oval berries of about 1. 5cm (0. 6in). Green when immature, they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each berry usually contains two seeds, but 510% of the berrieshave only one these are calledpeaberries. Berries ripen in seven to nine months.Coffea arabicais predominantly self-pollinating, and as a result the seedlings are generally uniform and vary little from their parents. In contrast,Coffea canephora,C. excelsa, andC. libericaare self-incompatible and requireoutcrossing. This means that useful forms and hybrids must be propagated vegetatively. Cuttings, grafting, and budding are the usual meth ods of vegetative propagation. On the other hand, there is great scope for experimentation in search of buttential new strains. 2. Coffee Production Processing Coffee berries and their seeds undergo several processes before they become the familiar roasted coffee.Berries have been traditionally selectively picked by hand a labor intensive method, it involves the survival of only the berries at the peak of ripeness. More commonly, crops are strip picked, where all berries are harvested simultaneously regardless of ripeness by person or machine. After picking, green coffee is processed by one of two methodsthe dry process method, simpler and less labor intensive as the berries can be strip picked, and the sozzled process method, which incorporates fermentation into the process and yields a mild coffee. 2. 1 fig -Coffee sorting in Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). 2.2 fig Coffee berries from Kerala, India consequently they are sorted by ripeness and color and most often the flesh of the berry is removed, usually by machine, and the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of gum still present on the seed. When the fermentation is finished, the seeds are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue, which generates massive police wagon of coffee wastewater. Finally, the seeds are dried. The surpass (but least used) method of drying coffee is using drying tables.In this method, the pulped and fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of the coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. In this method the drying that takes place is more uniform, and fermentation is less likely. most African coffee is dried in this expression and certain coffee farms around the world are starting to use this traditional method. Next, the coffee is sorted, and labeled as green coffee. Another way to permit the coffee seeds dry is to let them sit on a concrete patio and rake over them in the sunlight. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high.Some coffee undergoes a peculiar process, such as kopi luwak. It is made from the seeds of coffee berries which have been eaten by the Asian Palm Civet and other related civets, passing through its digestive tract. This process resulted in coffee seeds with much less bitterness, widely noted as the most expensive coffee in the world with prices reaching $160 per pound. Roasting 2. 3 fig Roasted coffee seeds The next step in the process is the roasting of the green coffee. Coffee is usually sell in a roasted state, and with exalted exceptions all coffee is roasted before it is consumed.It can be sold roasted by the supplier, or it can be home roasted. The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by ever-changing the coffee seed both physically and chemically. The seed decreases in weight as moisture is lost and in creases in volume, causing it to become less dense. The density of the seed also influences the strength of the coffee and requirements for packaging. The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the seed reaches approximately 200 C (392 F), though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates.During roasting, caramelization occurs as intense heat breaks smoothen starches, changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, which alters the color of the seed. 2. 4 fig The appearance of unroasted, green coffee seeds. Sucrose is speedily lost during the roasting process and may run entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor at 205 C (401 F), other oils start to develop. One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about 200 C (392 F), which is largely responsible for coffees aroma and flavor. Grading the roasted seeds.Depending on the color of the roasted seeds as perc eived by the human eye, they will be labeled as light, medium light, medium, medium dark, dark, or very dark. A more accurate method of discerning the degree of roast involves measuring the reflected light from roasted seeds illuminated with a light source in the near infrared spectrum. This elaborate light meter uses a process known as spectroscopy to return a number that consistently indicates the roasted coffees relative degree of roast or flavor development. Roast characteristics The degree of roast has an effect upon coffee flavor and body.Darker roasts are generally bolder because they have less fiber content and a more sugary flavor. Lighter roasts have a more complex and therefore perceived stronger flavor from aromatic oils and acids otherwise destroyed by longer roasting times. A small amount of chaff is produced during roasting from the skin left on the seed after processing. Chaff is usually removed from the seeds by air movement, though a small amount is added to dark r oast coffees to soak up oils on the seeds. Decaffeination Decaffeination may also be part of the processing that coffee seeds undergo.Seeds are decaffeinated when they are still green. Many methods can remove caffeine from coffee, but all involve soaking the green seeds in hot water (often called the Swiss water process) or steaming them, then using a solvent to dissolve caffeine-containing oils. Decaffeination is often done by processing companies, and the extracted caffeine is usually sold to the pharmaceutical industry. Storage Once roasted, coffee seeds must be stored properly to preserve the fresh taste of the seed. Ideally, the container must be airtight and kept in a cool, dry and dark place.In order of importance air, moisture, heat, and light are the environmental factors responsible for deteriorating flavor in coffee seeds. Folded-over bags, a common way consumers often purchase coffee, are generally not ideal for long-term storage because they allow air to enter. A bette r package contains a unidirectional valve, which prevents air from entering. In 1931, a method of vacuum packed cans of coffee was introduced, in which the roasted coffee was packed, 99% of the air was removed and the coffee in the can could be stored indefinitely until the can was opened.Today this method is in mass use for coffee in a large part of the world. create from raw stuff 2. 5 fig Espresso brewing, showing desirable dark reddish-brown crema Coffee seeds must be ground and brewed to create a beverage. The criteria for choosing a method embarrass flavor and economy. Almost all methods of preparing coffee require the seeds to be ground and mixed with hot water long enough to extract the flavor, but without over extraction that draws out bitter compounds. The spent grounds are removed and the liquid is consumed.There are many brewing variations such as the spareness of hee-haw, the ways in which the water extracts the flavor, addendumal flavorings (sugar, milk, spices) , and spent ground separation techniques. The ideal holding temperature is 79 to 85 C (174 to 185 F) and the ideal serving temperature is 68 to 79 C (154 to 174 F). The roasted coffee seeds may be ground at a roastery, in a grocery store, or in the home. Most coffee is roasted and ground at a roastery and sold in packaged form, though roasted coffee seeds can be ground at home immediately before consumption.It is also doable, though uncommon to roast raw seeds at home. Coffee seeds may be ground in several ways. A burr grinder uses revolving elements to shear the seed a blade grinder cuts the seeds with blades moving at high speed and a mortar and pounder crushes the seeds. For most brewing methods, a burr grinder is deemed superior because the grind is more even and the grind size can be adjusted. 2. 6 fig (An Ethiopian woman preparing coffee at a traditional ceremony. She roasts, crushes and brews the coffee on the spot. ) The type of grind is often named after the brewing meth od for which it is generally used.Turkish grind is the finest grind, while coffee percolator or French press are the coarsest grinds. The most common grinds are between the extremes a medium grind is used in most common home coffee-brewing machines. Coffee may be brewed by several methods boiled, steeped, or pressurized. Brewing coffee by boiling was the earliest method, and Turkish coffee is an example of this method. It is prepared by grinding or pounding the seeds to a fine powder, then adding it to water and bringing it to the boil for no more than an instant in a pot called a cezve or, in Greek, a briki.This produces a strong coffee with a layer of fizz on the surface and sediment (which is not meant for drinking) settling on the bottom of the cup. Coffee percolators and automatic coffeemakers brew coffee using gravity. In an automatic coffeemaker hot water drips onto coffee grounds held in a coffee filter made of paper, plastic, or perforated metal, allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while extracting its oils and essences. The liquid drips through the coffee and the filter into a carafe or pot, and the spent grounds are retained in the filter.In a percolator, boiling water is forced into a chamber above a filter by steam pressure created by boiling. The water then seeps through the grounds, and the process is repeated until terminated by removing from the heat, by an internal timer, or by a thermostat that turns off the heater when the entire pot reaches a certain temperature. Coffee may be brewed by steeping in a device such as a French press (also known as a cafetiere, coffee press or coffee plunger). Ground coffee and hot water are combined in a cylindrical watercraft and left to brew for a few minutes.A circular filter which fits tightly in the cylinder fixed to a plunger is then pushed down from the top to force the grounds to the bottom. Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the water, all the coffee oils remain i n the beverage, making it stronger and exit more sediment than in coffee made by an automatic coffee machine. The coffee is poured from the container the filter retains the grounds at the bottom. 95% of the caffeine is released from the coffee seeds within the first minute of brewing. The espresso method forces hot pressurized and vaporized water through ground coffee.As a result of brewing under high pressure (ideally between 910 atm), the espresso beverage is more concentrated (as much as 10 to 15 times the quantity of coffee to water as gravity-brewing methods can produce) and has a more complex physical and chemical constitution. A well-prepared espresso has reddish-brown foam called crema that floats on the surface. Other pressurized water methods include the moka pot and vacuum coffee maker. Cold brew coffee is made by steeping coarsely ground seeds in cold water for several hours, then filtering them. 85This results in a brew lower in acidity than most hot-brewing methods. Serving 2. 7 fig Presentation can be an integral part of coffee shop service, as illustrated by the common rosetta design layered into this latte. Once brewed, coffee may be served in a variety of ways. Drip-brewed, percolated, or French-pressed/cafetiere coffee may be served as white coffee with a dairy product such as milk or cream, or dairy substitute, or as black coffee with no such addition. It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener. When served cold, it is called iced coffee.Espresso- natesd coffee has a wide variety of possible presentations. In its most basic form, espresso is served alone as a shot or with hot water added, known as Caffe Americano. Reversely, long black is made by pouring espresso in water, which retains the crema compared to Caffe Americano. Milk is added in various forms to espresso steamed milk makes a caffe latte, equal parts steamed milk and milk froth make a cappuccino,86 and a dollop of hot foamed milk on top creates a caffe macchiato. The use of steamed milk to form patterns such as hearts or maple leaves is referred to as latte art.Coffee can also be incorporated with alcohol in beveragesit is combined with whiskey in Irish coffee, and forms the base of alcoholic coffee liqueurs such as Kahlua, and Tia Maria. Coffee is also sometimes used in the brewing process of darker beers, such as a stout or porter. flashbulb coffee A number of products are sold for the convenience of consumers who do not want to prepare their own coffee. Instant coffee is dried into soluble powder or freeze-dried into granules that can be quickly dissolved in hot water.Originally invented in 1907, it rapidly gained in popularity in many countries in the post-war period, with Nescafe being the most popular product. Many consumers determined that the convenience in preparing a cup of instant coffee more than made up for a perceived inferior taste. Paralleling (and complementing) the rapid rise of instant coffee was the coffee vending machi ne, invented in 1947 and multiplying rapidly through the 1950s. Canned coffee has been popular in Asian countries for many years, particularly in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.Vending machines typically sell varieties of flavored canned coffee, much like brewed or percolated coffee, available both hot and cold. Japanese convenience stores and groceries also have a wide availability of bottled coffee drinks, which are typically mildly sweetened and pre-blended with milk. Bottled coffee drinks are also consumed in the United States. Liquid coffee concentrates are sometimes used in large institutional situations where coffee needs to be produced for thousands of people at the same time. It is described as having a flavor about as good as low-grade robusta coffee, and cost about 10?a cup to produce. The machines can process up to 500 cups an hour or 1,000 if the water is preheated. 3. Coffee beans A coffee bean is a seed of the coffee plant. It is the pit inside the red or purp le fruit often referred to as a cherry. Even though they are seeds, they are incorrectly referred to as beans because of their resemblance to true beans. The fruits coffee cherries or coffee berries most commonly contain two stones with their flat sides together. A small percentage of cherries contain a single seed, instead of the usual two. This is called a peaberry.Like Brazil nuts (a seed) and white rice, coffee seeds consist mostly of endosperm. The two most economically important varieties of coffee plant are the Arabica and the Robusta 75-80% of the coffee produced worldwide is Arabica and 20% is Robusta. Arabica seeds consist of 0. 8-1. 4% caffeine and Robusta seeds consist of 1. 7-4% caffeine. As coffee is one of the worlds most widely consumed beverages, coffee seeds are a major cash crop, and an important export product, counting for over 50% of some developing nations foreign exchange earnings.The United States imports more coffee than any other nation. In 2009 the aver age person in the United States consumed 4. 09 kg (9 lbs) of coffee. Cultivation of the coffee seed originated in Ethiopia, in approximately 850 C. E. Farming of the coffee plant then spread to the rest of Arabia, where it was first mentioned in writing around 900 C. E. The Yemenites guarded it carefully, but some plants were eventually smuggled out to the Dutch, who kept a few plants for gardens in the Netherlands.The Americas were first introduced to the plants around 1723. South America is now responsible for approximately 45% of the worlds total coffee exports. Most of this coffee is made in Brazil. Significant dates * starting signal cultivation in Europe (also first cultivation outside of east Africa/Arabia) 1616 * First cultivation in India (Malabar) late 1600s * First cultivation in Java 1699 * First cultivation in Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico) 17151730 * First cultivation in South America 1730.* First cultivation in Dutch East Indies 17 20 * Roasted seeds first sold on retail market (Pittsburgh) 1865 * Important spray-drying techniques developed in 1950s Coffee plant The coffee tree averages from 510 m (1633 ft) in height. As the tree gets older, it branches less and less and bears more leaves and fruit. The tree typically begins to bear fruit 34 years after being planted, and continues to produce for 1020 more years, depending on the type of plant and the area. Coffee plants are grown in rows several feet apart.Some farmers plant fruit trees around them or plant the coffee on the sides of hills, because they need specific conditions to flourish. Ideally, Arabica coffee seeds are grown at temperatures between 1524 C (5975 F) and Robusta at 2430 C (7586 F) and receive between 1530 cm (5. 912 in) of rainfall per year. baleful rain is needed in the beginning of the season when the fruit is developing, and less late in the season as it ripens. The harvesting period can be anywhere from three weeks to three months, an d in some places the harvesting period continues all year round.Content of green coffee seeds The term green coffee seed refers to unroasted mature or immature coffee seeds. These have been processed by wet or dry methods for removing the outer pulp and mucilage, and have an integral wax layer on the outer surface. When immature, they are green. When mature, they have a brown to yellow or reddish color, and typically weigh 300 to 330 mg per dried coffee seed. Non evaporable and volatile compounds in green coffee seeds, such as caffeine, deter many insects and animals from eating them.Further, both nonvolatile and volatile compounds contribute to the flavor of the coffee seed when it is roasted. Nonvolatile nitrogenous compounds (including alkaloids, trigonelline, proteins and free amino acids) and carbohydrates are of major importance in producing the full aroma of roasted coffee, and for its biological action. * Nonvolatile alkaloids 3. 1 fig Coffea canephora green seeds on a tre e in Goa, India. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine) is the alkaloid most present in green and roasted coffee seeds.The content of caffeine is between 1. 0% and 2. 5% by weight of dry green coffee seeds. The content of caffeine does not change during maturation of green coffee seeds. Lower concentrations of theophylline, theobromine, paraxanthine, liberine, and methylliberine can be found. The concentration of theophylline, an alkaloid noted for its presence in green tea, is reduced during the roasting process, usually about 15 minutes at 230 C (446 F), whereas the concentration of most other alkaloids are not changed.The solubility of caffeine in water increases with temperature and with the addition of chlorogenic acids, citric acid, or tartaric acid, all of which are present in green coffee seeds. For example, 1 g (0. 035 oz) caffeine dissolves in 46 ml (1. 6 US fl oz) of water at room temperature, and 5. 5 ml (0. 19 US fl oz) at 80 C (176 F). The xanthine alkaloids are odorless, but have a bitter taste in water, which is masked by organic acids present in green coffee, however. Trigonelline (N-methyl-nicotinate) is a derivative of vitamin B6 that is not as bitter as caffeine.In green coffee seeds, the content is between 0. 6% and 1. 0%. At a roasting temperature of 230 C (446 F), 85% of the trigonelline is degraded to nicotinic acid, leaving small amounts of the unchanged molecule in the roasted seeds. In green coffee seeds, trigonelline is synthesized from nicotinic acid (pyridinium-3-carboxylic acid) by methylation from methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid. Mutagenic activity of trigonelline has been reported.

Go for Broke Essay

The 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) was a quaint military unit in the United States Army during the Second World War. It was unique in the sense that it was do up primarily of nisei or second-generation Japanese-Americans, a combination of Americans of Japanese descent or emigrants from Japan. The Japanese attack on astragal Harbor on December 7, 1941 was the raison detre for the 442nd RCT.In the days following the attack, the Japanese-American community took a brunt of the severe backlash as those in the mainland were forcibly relocate to internment camps in remote atomic number 18as in the western United States when their loyalty was in doubt and despite the professions of loyalty among these Japanese-Americans while those on Hawaii were unplowed under close guard in their communities though those serving in military units such as the National Guard were dismissed (Inouye, 1967, 78 Fugita & Fernandez, 2004, 85). tincture their honor tarnished and being treated unfairly, the Japanese-American community lobbied very hard for a chance to prove their loyalty to the United States by military service. In 1943, recognizing the freight and loyalty displayed by the Japanese-American community in Hawaii, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed the creation of a separate military unit to be made up of these Japanese-Americans. By 1943, the 442nd RCT was created and made up primarily of Japanese-Americans from the internment camp on the mainland, including those from Hawaii.The unit was originally made up of 4,000 men and were commanded by white officers though the some nisei were in the end given battlefield commissions. Their official motto was Go for Broke Initially this was their motivation in fighting hard but eventually, this motto had a a good deal deeper meaning as these nisei were giving their all in fighting the enemy, not only the Axis but the racial bigotry in the United States in order to prove their worth as citizens of the United States.Throug hout their combat service, the 442nd fought mainly in the Mediterranean theater from North Africa to the Italian campaigns at casino and Anzio though one unit from the Regiment, the 552nd Field Artillery Battalion helped liberate Jews from the Dachau concentration camp (Fugita & Fernandez, 2004, 90).By the time the campaign had ended, the 44nd became one of the highly embellish units for a special unit during the war with 21 Medals of Honor, most of which were belatedly given many years later 7 Presidential Unit Citations (the throng equivalent of the Medal of Honor for individuals) and almost 20,000 other awards and decorations, especially the Purple Heart which made up half that number due to their high mishap rate that they were called the Purple Heart Brigade (Sterner, 2008, 70).Their service has somewhat vindicated their loved ones interned and helped break the racial barrier between the Japanese Americans and the whites. President Roosevelt was so impressed that that they w ere actually invited to the White House to call on him (Sterner, 2008, 141). As an epilogue, some of them went on to greater things such as Daniel Inouye, who went on to become a United States Senator and continues to serve to this day. In conclusion, the men of the 442nd had proven themselves to be worthy citizens of the United States and they had paid for it in blood.They had proven that although they are oriental on the outside, they are very much American at heart. References Cooper, M. (2000). Fighting for Honor Japanese Americans and World War II. New York Houghton-Mifflin. Fugita, S. & Fernandez, M. (2004). Altered Lives, Enduring Community. Seattle University of Washington Press. Hawaii Nikkei account Editorial Board. (1998). Japanese Eyes, American Heart. Honolulu Tendai Educational Foundation. Henry, M. R. & Chapell, M. (2000). The US Army of World War II (2) The Mediterranean.Oxford Osprey Publications. Inouye, D. (1967). Go For Broke In In N. J. Sparks (Ed. ) True Storie s of World War II. Pleasantville, New York The Readers Digest Association, Inc. Salyer, L. (2004). Baptism by Fire Race, Military Service, and US Citizenship Policy, 1918-1935. The Journal of American History 91 (3). 847-876. Sterner, C. D. (2008). Go For Broke. Clearfield, Utah American Legacy Media. Tateishi, J (1984). And Justice for All An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps. New York Random House.

Cultural competency Essay

ethnical competency is an important strategy of eliminating racial disparities and improving quality in health, human and fond inspection and repairs. The destination of cultural competency in these services is to create a health, human and social service system and practitioners who are capable of delivering the highest-quality care to all clients unheeding of their cultural background, ethnicity, and race and language proficiency. If the professionals are not culturally competent they will not be in a position to handle social problems (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 71).Professionals offering these services do require an phonation in certain situations such as when the provider is not thoroughly effective and fluent in the target language should always use an interpreter. In situations when a client is not mentally fit a provider may need an interpreter. In cases in which language and literacy rate of the patient and practitioner vary due to different cultural groups, an interpreter will be required. Incase the client is a child who is under five years or more or an elderly person an interpreter is required.If the client is unconscious the provider can put across for an interpreter (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 89). To minimize these problems, a professional should use an interpreter of the same sex as the client to avoid client from feeling insecure. Family members should be avoided as interpreters. Professional should learn basic words and sentences to minimize use to interpreter since they dont deliver effective works due to biasness. They should address patients today without any direct commentary to or through interpreter.Incase the professional suspects any problems and gets a negative response, then s/he should know that the interpreter knows what he wants. Interpreter should not be confused through backing up rephrasing or hesitating. Finally providers should attain training to be culturally competent to avoid cases of having an interpreter so as to offer effective service to clients (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 210). Using of an interpreter is not a good idea because the service given to the client will not be sufficient since an interpreter may be bias.Incase the interpreter is of different sex, s/he no knowledge on the service provided to clients of other sex leading to poor or wrong service being given to the client. There is no batten that practitioners conversion will be correctly interpreted to the patients and patients comments may not be conveyed accurately (Lecca, et. al. 1998, p. 211). List of References Lecca, P. J. , et. al. (1998), Cultural Competency in Health, Social and Human Services Directions for the Twenty-first Century. NY Garland Publisher

How do Owen and Auden convey the negative effects of war in their poems ‘Disabled’ and ‘Refugee Blues’’?

In the poems Disabled and Refugee Blues, the writers, Owen and Auden respectively, convey the negative effects of war in a variety of ways. Through the use structuring, literary and metaphoric devices, Auden subtly shows the negative effects of war, whereas Owen does this it more explicitly, showing the de-humanizing, grue around effects of war. In the poem Disabled, Owen displays the more gruesome, horrendous reality he does this in a variety of ways.Firstly he uses a randomized stanza structure, the stanzas do not have a consistent amount of lines. The stanza structure is emphasizing how the soldiers think, because virtually soldiers act upon their animalistic instinct, Owen has used this imagination rely on instinct to create his structure, not only does this confuse the reader but Owen as well tries to emphasise on how the war has affected the soldiers.Owen also uses a lot of different literary devices to help him, metaphor is used throughout the poem to help jump the poem, Voices of boys rang saddening like a hymn, the voices of boys made the soldier feel sad they make him remember his childhood, it was not long ago that he was like those boys, zip freely, however it seems like a distant memory.Owen is emphasizing that the war robbed the soldier of his innocence and naivety, he is also a little jealous of them, they still intend in fairy tales and happy endings, whereas the soldier understands the true colors of reality. In the old times, before he threw away his knees/All of them touch him like some queer disease these two quotes, emphasize on the fact that the soldier threw away his legs when he enlisted in the army, if he didnt sign up he wouldnt be disabled and the girls would still be flirting with him.The girls do not want to be with someone who is crippled heroes do not give rise injured. It seems like he has given up on life as much as life has given up on him, he has succumbed into the idea that he is not a real man anymore others can sens e this about him and stay away because they do not want to be dragged down by his self-pity. Granted, the women could be touching him in disgust, it is also probable that it is him who is projecting his own feelings of disgust on them.The war can affect two the social life and the personal life negatively, thus creating a very negative atmosphere in the stanza. Owen also makes effective use of alliterations, Legless, sewn curtly at elbow, not only does this quote tell us the exact extent of the soldiers disability, but during World War I it was common normal to sew shut pant legs and sleeves when someone is missing the limb or appendix, the quote makes us pity the soldier, moreover it is also common that soldiers lose a limbs during war, creating a very brutal and negative view upon war.Another alliteration that has been used, And a leap of purple spurted from his thigh, a leap of purple could relate to inception or bruises, this quote indicates the severity of his injuries, al though it was a large injury, the poem portrays it only as a leap of purple, this makes the injury seem small and insignificant, and which was likely how the government and the higher-ups viewed the disabled soldiers. Although W.H Auden wrote Refugee Blues half a year before World War II broke out, the Nazis (Nationalists) have already been hunting Jews and exterminating them, Refugee Blues is a Jewish perspective on the war. W. H. Auden has structured his poem into tersets, and each stanza proposes a different theme and part of the Jewish refugees life, it also isolates the stanza, emphasizing each negative point Auden has made.Auden uses very effective metaphors to convey the different negative effects of Hitlers rein, Saw a poodle in a jacket fastened with a pin, /Saw a door open and a cat let in/ But they werent German Jews, my dear, they werent German Jews. In this quote, W. H. Auden was comparing the Jewish with a poodle and a mere street cat, not only does it emphasize how u n-wanted the Jews were, Auden himself degraded the Jewish into something that was utterly despised and negatively viewed.

Frederick Herzberg Essay

Frederick Herzbergs two-factor possible action, similarly c whollyed the motivator-hygienics conjecture. This conjecture has identifies that there be hygiene factors that provide need to muse dissatisfaction but if a hygiene factor is improved it does non improve job satisfaction. Examples of these hygiene factors in the roleplayplace are organizational policies, part of supervision, shiting conditions, wage or salary, relationships with peers, relationships with subordinates, status and security. Improving sensation of these factors much(prenominal) as salary cannot puff a person more satisfied with their job it in force(p) satisfies that aspect.The other half of Herzbergs two factor theory is motivator factors, which are ways to achieve job satisfaction. Motivator factors are think to what people actually do in a days take a crap. The presence or absence of these motivators changes an employees view of their job. Examples of these motivator factors are achieveme nt, scholarship, the take a shit itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth. Job dissatisfaction can result from these when they are low. But to enrich these factors leave result in melloweder job satisfaction unlike in the hygiene factors.Essentially in order to properly motivate employees improving salaries and campaigning conditions does not lap up, an employer has to improve the quality of the job, the quality of the work and the quality of the goal. In the expression The Best Places to Launch a Career one can see facets of Herzbergs two-factor theory at work with big companies trying to attract the propagation Yers, which make up approximately 78 million people who entrust be entering the workforce from 2004 to 2022. The origin of course is salary.Companies concur brocaded base salaries in order to attract prospective employees but this is not the main drawing point as shown afterward in the condition. Higher salaries is just an intellectl of a hygiene facto r that while maintained well will continue to uphold employees from be culmination dissatisfied. The rest of the hold addresses motivator factors. Companies perplex begun to appeal to the next generation of employees by do themselves more transparent, flexible, responsive, even nurturing. By doing this they are drawing employees of the Generation Y traits more agreeable to the motivator factor side of Herzbergs theory.These traits being inherent in this generation such as having high expectations for their job and their peers, demanding meaningful work, needing constructive feedback from their peers and employers, and virtually importantly they want to be in a position of influence. In order to address these traits the article addresses several companies that are rethinking the way they are handling this generation that does not shy away from discipline and who demand authenticity. For example, the article states that New York Life Insurance recently discovered that complet ely 3% of unified interns accepted positions with their company.To change this they took away all the perks and instead gave them more strict expectations, gave them business etiquette classes, and a challenge to brainstorm bran- new-fashioned marting strategies for the company which was later used in a advertising campaign. When New York Life changed its strategy they incorporated the motivating factors such as giving more meaningful work, responsibly, and recognition through the brainstorming for the company, growth through etiquette classes, and an all over enrichment of the job and their personal careers.Another example is JPMorgan Chase & Company is changing how it attracts prospective Gen Y employees. Rather than flash money signs and bonus amounts as incentives, they are giving a more realistic view of what it means to be employed with the company. To do this, the article states, that they allowed a New York University film grad to follow three fellow Generation Y employe es though their days at work in a documentary style film. The result being that prospective employees will have a realistic view of duties and the work that goes into obtaining the annual bonus.Yet again appealing to the motivation factor of the two-factor theory but not completely ignoring the importance of the hygiene factors. In summation, the article addresses that the Generation Y does not want just money or perks such as free lunches and on-site massages like Google Inc. offers but they want a chance to grow, a chance to achieve, a chance to do something meaningful and accept all the responsibility that comes with it. Google appeals to this aspect by giving employees one day a week to brainstorm new ideas for the company.Herzbergs two-factor theory, while being debated by scholars on its merits because of its difficulty to be verifiable through additional research, seems to be a very viable theory that can in one way or another be applied to any work place and results of more satisfied employees will be seen. Herzberg said it all when he said If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do. Reinforcement theory defined by the textbook is the administration of consequence as a result of demeanour.Therefore if you want a behavior to continue you positively impose it by giving positive reinforces or if you want a negative behavior to stop you administer a negative consequence. By using backup strategies people can be taught a behavior or have a behavior enforced through classical conditioning by associating a behavior with a desired result. These strategies include positive advantage and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the administration of positive consequences that tend to add the likelihood of retell the desirable behavior in a similar treatedting.In this is the law of contingent reinforcement that states for a punish to have maximum reinforcing abide by, it must only be delivered if the desired behavior is e xhibited. Rewards can be given either continuously or intermittently and twain have assorted results in changing a behavior. Continuous reinforcement teaches what behavior is desired more quickly than intermittent reinforcement but behaviors under intermittent reinforcement are lasts longer. prohibit reinforcement is the withdrawal of negative consequences, which tends to increase the likelihood of repeating the behavior in a similar setting.Essentially behavior is reinforced by not receiving the punishment or avoiding a negative consequence. Punishment reduces the likelihood of a person repeating the behavior but the punishment has to fit the negative behavior. unequivocal punishment can lead to dissatisfaction in a person and therefore just increase low operation. Extinction is the withdrawal of reinforcing consequences of a given behavior resulting in the frequency of the behavior being reduced. The article RAZRS edge is wholly an example of reinforcement theory.A team of 20 or so people secretly toils on a new anticipate that will be a high end toy for the rich and ends up making a blockbuster audio that is so slim it redefines bid size for an entire industry. The resulting phone ended up being huge mass market phone that sold over 50 million units in approximately two years. The team members were then asked to appear at a meeting at company headquarters where they received not only a natural reward in the form of a standing ovation but were rewarded with a large amount of stock options.Therefore the team members were positively rewarded with a contrived reward of stocks for a job well do. In breaking the article down, one can also see some other examples of positive consequences for behavior at Motorola. The first example being Motorolas Geoffrey Frost, credited with coming up with the marketing campaign Hello Moto and bringing the company back into good standing with consumers being promoted to executive vice president. His hard work was rewarde d with a contrived reward of higher pay and position in the company as well as natural rewards of compliments, special projects, and recognition.The routine example in the article is the team leader Jellicoe who had previously worked on another successful phone being given a special project to create the thinnest phone and to do it in a restricted time frame. He was positively rewarded for a previous job well do with a natural reward of being given a special project to work on. He was also rewarded by being able to assemble his own team to work on this new project and was given autonomy to work on the project in secret from the rest of the company.The 3rd example of positive reinforcement in the article is the team that was assembled to design the phone. It was a team of 20 engineers who had shown talent before in other projects. These engineers received a natural reward for jobs well done in the past and for continually exhibiting behaviors such as creativity and the ability to continue to innovate at Motorola by being asked to be on this special project where they would have the liberty to completely redesign a phone that would change the phone market at the time.The fourth example of positive reinforcement is when Jellicoe sets up a competition among five of the engineers with who can come up with the best design to solve a technical challenge with a design complication. The result being Tadd Scarpelli coming up with the best solution to the problem and his reward being that his design was the one used for the phone as well as the recognition for a problem well solved, therefore reinforcing the positive behavior of thinking critically and being creative.The article RAZRS edge is wholly a look at positive reinforcement in the form of both natural and contrived rewards for a team who do the seemingly impossible. But when broken down there are many examples of how past behaviors were rewarded with special jobs, recognition, and compensation. As the article says, Scarpelli to this day still approaches strangers and asks them if they like his phone which seems to be the ultimate reward. According to the textbook, apprehension theory argues that work motivation is determined by individual beliefs regarding effort/ surgical process relationships and work outcomes.Breaking this theory down is that people will do what they can do when they want to do it. There are three factors that go into expectancy theory. Netflix through has set its company up to create an environment where when expectancy theory comes into play it has a high shelter on its ability to obtain, retain, and motivate its employees to keep innovating new strategies in order to keep it number one in on-line movie rentals. The first factor being expectancy, which is the probability that work effort will be followed by functioning accomplishment.Essentially this will have a higher value the more a person is certain that the level of performance expected can be achieved. The second is instrumentality which is the probability that performance will lead to various work outcomes. This second factor like the first is given a number the higher the number the more certain the person is that an achievement will receive various outcomes. The last is valence which is the value to the individual of various work outcomes. This factor is also given a value the higher the value the more desirable the outcome is to the person.When these three are set up as an equation where motivation equals expectancy times instrumentality times valence as factors approach a zero value the less motivational appeal there is to do a certain task. When reading the article Netflix Flex to the Max one can use expectancy theory to explain the success Netflix has had motivating its employees. original and foremost are the expectations and goals set by the founder Reed Hastings. He all the way states what he wants from his employees such as hard work, high performance, uniting them on on e focused goal, and giving them the freedom to achieve it.He hires the best of the best and will right away let them go if performance is not excellent. By setting clear goals that each individual is certain that the level of performance expected can be achieved there is a high value in an individuals expectancy factor. At Netflix an individuals instrumentality value will also be high as once the performance is achieved the various outcomes are desirable. Secondly, Hastings offers employees high salaries, unlimited vacations, and freedom to create their own compensation packages. The trio part of the equation, being valence, will also be high for an individual at Netflix.Working for a company that not only gives them the freedom to work on their own schedule while expecting excellence but encourages them to hire three people they loved working with which creates a better workplace for all employees. While this places a positive value on why valance is high for an individual at Net flix, a negative one is that if one doesnt live up to expectations they are swiftly shown the door. Therefore, wanting a positive outcome is more desirable in order to stay at a company that pays well and expects excellence but gives large amounts of freedom.When all these factors in expectancy theory are so well laid out from clearly set goals, which have to be attained in order to maintain the various outcomes that range from unlimited vacation to major stock options, and the desirability to make Netflix a great work environment by bringing in people one wants to work with again. Motivation with all of these factors in place is high and the motivation to continue to be employed there is higher therefore Netflix is becoming more successful in retaining the types of employees it needs to stay ahead in the on-line movie rental business.The textbook defines the self-concept as the view individuals have of themselves as physical, social, spiritual or moral beings. The self-concept in h umans embodies several different aspects such as personality traits, values, attitudes and call backs, and behavior. In order to change the self-concept there are several steps that need to be accomplished for an overall change. First being self examination, which is a self evaluation to isolate discrepancies in ones self-concept and then having the desire to work on changing them.The second step being a self expectation where one sets goals for themselves and places the according demands in order to reach these goals. Third, is self-direction which is taking responsibility for oneself by observe and adjusting through insight and growth. Lastly, is self-realization where one has reached the full potential, are willing to take risks, and will venture out to make new opportunities. When looking at General Electrics methods for training their leaders it shows that they realize self-concept is important and that it is not easy to change and develop.Recognizing and evaluating leadershi p capability on day one of employment is a new concept that they are working with also because they believe in changing and nurturing leaders earlier will create a larger pool of talented people that can only improve the company. It is because of these two important realizations that GE funds its Crotonville facility. It is from this facility that its future leaders are molded, strengthened and trained. This campus while expensive is funded through good times and bad because of their belief that human capital is the most important thing they can keep working on.Not only because back up people learn to change their self-concept to make them the best leader possible but because, as the article states, companies that cater people with opportunities to learn and grow become talent magnets. Another practice that GE has that helps develop the self-concept besides its training facility is that they believe changing up job assignments allows people to hone and discover new talents instead of just assigning them at what they are good at. Therefore, they get more well-rounded leaders, managers, and workers.For example, the article gives John Dineen who is in Erie, Pa. There he is learning many facets of the company, such as, how to deal with customers, labor negotiations, and the companies supply chain, Dineen is learning through GEs idea that feedback is key so employees learn how they have performed and then mentor, support and train their employees to help them improve key skills. The article also points out that while you can try to coerce people into doing what a company wants by firing and demoting it just does not work in this day and age.General Electrics programs for training and improving its future leaders is very much about changing and working with self-concept. In the self-examination step, they evaluate employees early to recognize what behaviors they have as good and which ones need to be honed. Then employees accept not only feedback but mentoring, a trip to Crotonville for extensive training and courses in making them the best leaders possible. They set goals in order to work on what is weak not improve what is good. GE recognizes the importance of giving people a chance to change and work on their lesser traits rather than reinforce already hearty ones.Well-rounded employees that can think on their feet take risks, and will venture out to try new jobs and ideas, are what makes GEs program so great. GE is not just training employees but creating strong confident talented leaders who can take on anything even if it is to be a leader in another company. The relationship between satisfaction, performance and rewards can be described in three arguments. One argument is that satisfaction causes performance which is if job satisfaction causes high levels of performance, he answer is to increase employees work performance to make them happy. Another argument is that performance causes satisfaction which is that if high levels of perf ormance cause job satisfaction, the answer is to give attention to helping people achieve high performance and then job satisfaction would be high as well. The hitch in this argument is that if job performance is high but an individual feels that the reward is not equal to performance then job satisfaction will not continue to be high. The third argument is rewards cause both satisfaction and performance.This argument states that properly rewarding employees can positively influence both performance and satisfaction. I personally believe the best overall argument is the last one, that rewards cause both satisfaction and performance. The average person does not go to a job thinking if I do my best today the reward will be greater satisfaction at the work place but I go to work for the money. While performing well may equal satisfaction on a personal level if the job well done is not recognised by a reward people become discouraged, even if the only reward is a raise.In accordance wi th Herzbergs two-factor theory rewards also may not be monetary but a new job assignment or more freedom to move about in a job unsupervised can be a reward as well. Knowing that you are trusted to do a job well done can be extremely rewarding. Therefore rewards cause satisfaction and job performance. Netflix has the best example of rewards causing both satisfaction and performance. While Netflix gives rewards more upfront than most companies the incentive to keep these rewards by hard work and above average performance.For a Netflix employee high salaries, unlimited vacation, freedom to get the work done and do the job you were hired to do because you are good at it are all rewards. They realize if job performance does not live up to expectations they will be shown the door. The employees of Netflix have great amounts of job satisfaction because they realize that it is a great place to work because of the rewards they receive for doing the job they were hired to do exceptionally we ll. Also shown in the article The Best Places to Launch a Career attractingGeneration Y employees is based on the argument rewards cause both performance and satisfaction. The article touches on the fact that Generation Y does not just want to come to work, do the job, and go home. They want an opportunity to work hard, have new assignments, develop themselves and have a chance to advance in the work place. All of these being rewards to cause high performance and satisfaction. In the article Dan Black states If you dont make an effort to provide and environment in which this generation can do their best, theyre going to watch over one where they can. If a job is done well by an employee they may feel personal satisfaction but that can only be for so long before they begin looking for the eudaimonia of their hard work. Even in a volunteer position the reward is free, it is seeing the benefit of your work reflected in others. Volunteers feel personal satisfaction of where they volun teer and perform well because the reward is high. If there was no reward to volunteering people would be less accustomed to do it. All of these points continue to cause me to believe that rewards cause both satisfaction and performance.Without being rewarded whether it be monetary or just seeing the benefit of a job well done in a volunteer aspect people will discontinue to be satisfied in the demesne they are working in and performance will slack. The age old question of whats in it for me? says it all. No one does anything without personal benefit. Without reward what would be the point of performing well, without reward nothing would be satisfying, and without performance and satisfaction a firm could only produce poor quality work.

Hyflux Essay

In order to maximize the use the use of this natural resource, the Singapore government goes to extent where they recycle and chuck the water they capture. These policies have developed an expertise in water management that has spawned a host of profitable companies (Chowdhury, Singapores All Wet- TIME, 2009) and one of the major(ip) companies in this industry is Hyflux. Hyflux is a Singaporean homegrown water give-and-take company thatpurifies waste-, salt- and rainwater (Chowdhury, Singapores All Wet- TIME, 2009).Hyflux provides a wide-ranging determined of integrated services in water and renewable resources, from research and development, membrane manufacturing, process engineering, engineering, procurement and construction to operations and maintenance. Hyflux provides water desalination and filtration solution for its customers and is a global leader in membrane technology and applications for renewable resources and water solution. The company takes pride in its award win ning membranes which is one of the companys main core products. Company Vision To be the leading company the world seeks for innovative and substanti ally environmental solutions.Company Mission To provide businesslike and cost-effective solutions to meet our clients needs through innovation and technological advancement. Company Values Boldness D are to dream, dare to do and dare to excel Entrepreneurship evoke the entrepreneurial spirit, embrace challenge and master change Satisfaction Exceed internal and external customer satisfaction, take pride in work and go to bed excellence Testimony Be the face behind the brand, excel in business conduct and embrace best practices in corporate governanceHyflux has 2,000 staff ecumenic (Hyflux Ltd.NA) including 200 multidisciplinary membrane specialists, researchers and scientists (Hyflux Ltd. , NA) in the companys networks of innovative centers and plants. Employees are widely diverse not only in terms of the countries they are f rom just now also in their previous working background, cultures and experiences. The diverse hands of Hyflux contributed greatly to the success of the company through blue school productivity, creative thinking and effective and good decision making.Hyflux started business and is established in Singapore in the year 1989 and since then it has grew and built 1,000 plants in more than 400 countries worldwide. Appendix 1. 1 highlights more or less of the countries in which Hyflux operates in. In the countries they have plants and operate in, they provide different types of services and products. For example, in Dubai, they provide services in the sewage treatment industry and providing Kristal tissue layer products while in Thailand, the company operates in both wastewater reclamation industry and chemical industry providing Kristal and FerroCep membranes.The fame and reputation of Hyflux grew bigger in Singapore and in the year 2001, it became the first water treatment company in Singapore to be listed in the Singapore Stock Exchange. The current financial standing of the company, a table is shown below comparing last years final year reports and this years reports Source Hyflux Year end news write out 2010 and 2009 (Hyflux Ltd. , 2010), (Hyflux Ltd. , 2009) The company has been increasing in revenue in the year 2010 due to the major projects that are ongoing like their major plant in located in China that has been in halt for the past year due to the economic downturn.In addition the company also earns high revenue from the general and industrial sectors. Source Hyflux Year end news release 2010 and 2009 (Hyflux Ltd. , 2009), (Hyflux Ltd. , 2010) - External and Internal Analysis The SWOT analysis will be used in this report to understand the companys internal strength and weaknesses and also its external opportunities and threats. Strength One of the root strengths that Hyflux has is their CEO, Ms Olivia Lum who started the business and its operation in the year 1989.Ms Olivia Lum set strategic directions and made effective and efficient decisions for the company which enabled them to grow a small sized company hiring only 3 staff with the capital of S$20,000 to one being of the worlds fastest-growing technology driven water solutions company (Hyflux Ltd. , NA). As a chief decision maker officer, they develop and define the organizations purpose, objectives, strategies, and long term plans (Lussier, 2009).Ms Lum has stack upd several skills and knowledge in the hydro-chemical, chemistry, health and entrepreneurship which enable her to make effective and efficient strategic moves which leads to the companys growth and success. Secondly, Hyflux hires 2,000 staff worldwide, in which a staff of 200 multidisciplinary membrane specialists, researchers and scientists (Hyflux Ltd. , NA) in their innovative centers in Singapore. Employees are great assets to any company and add more value when they are skilled, motivated and diverse.Ev en if Hyflux has all the advance technologies and machines, it would be of no use (or unproductive) without a human working behind it. Hyflux employs passionate, talented and ambitious people who are constantly willing to push the boundaries of the possible. (Hyflux Ltd. , NA). Employees who take the initiative and are driven are likely to add value to the company and its production compared to an employee who is being forced to do their job.According to authors John Ivancevich and Lee Soo Hoon In most organizations in Asia, effectuality is measured by the balance of such complementary characteristics as reaching goals, employing the skills and abilities of employees efficiently and ensuring the influx and retention of well-trained and motivated employees. (Ivancevich & Hoon, 2002). In addition, having a diverse workforce who are specialized to do their task contributes greatly on the companys productivity through the creative ideas given from employees who are from different back grounds and society.Moreover, Hyflux owns award winning water-machinery and advance technology which increases their popularity and the quality of their reputation. This encourages more customers to partner and/or purchase from Hyflux and also encourages more investors to invest in the company. Weaknesses High cost on employees has accumulated a significant increase in the practicable cost of the company. in order to motivate employees, Hyfluxhas to train and financially reward their employees. However, the company is pore on employees too therefore they are not looking at it as a cost but as an investment instead.Moreover, the company is experiencing high cost in the operations itself and the fluctuation of exchange rates contributes to this problem notably and that includes high loan rates from banks as well. Opportunities In Singapore, water treatment facilities are encouraged by the government to supply the country with more of the natural resource and The first of the water a greements with Malaysia, which expires in 2011, is not likely to be renewed (Chowdhury, 2009) therefore the government is supporting the growth and operations of Hyflux.As a matter of fact, the company has PUB, Singapores national water agency, as a customer and has built 4 major water desalination plants under the management of PUB. PUB has become one the largest clients of Hyflux which reflects the companys good and sustainable relationship with the government. In most countries that Hyflux go into, the government has always looked upon them with favor and a good relationship is formulated. For example, building the worlds largest membrane-based brine desalination project in Magtaa, Algeria.(Hyflux Ltd. , 2009). This is supported by the local government and allowed them to be financially supported by national banks in Algeria. Threats As mentioned on the latest news release by Hyflux, one of its threats is the unpredictable change in the currency markets (Hyflux Ltd. , 2010). An instability in the currency (especially in those wherein the company operates) could accumulate losses for the company. In some parts of the world, the supply, for example, could be more costly than expected in the compute due to unstable exchange rates.In addition, operational cost of the Hyflux Group as a whole can also be unpredictable because of fluctuations in the currency. One months operational budget and cost can be lower and the following month, expenses could just shoot up. Another threat affecting the global operation of the company is the persistent high unemployment rate (Hyflux Ltd. , 2010) in key markets in the US and EU. If this goes on, the economic system of those markets will definitely be affected mainly on the interest rates. As more people are unemployed, GDP decreases, leading to a decrease in the prices of goods and services.This in return will affect the exchange rates and investors will be encouraged to invest in Hyflux, however in a smaller amount but th en will be paid higher dividends and returns if the economy picks up. - Object of concern for the company One of the main objectives and strategies of Ms Olivia Lum is to be able to achieve growth in the company by expanding and reaching to all its key markets globally. But in contrast, it is also a challenge for the CEO to sustain its rapid growth (Smith, 2004).

Regulatory Bodies with Roles in Accounting Essay

IRS (Internal Revenue Service)It is the oldest in the United States regulatory personate also called the essential revenue service or IRS. The main goal of IRS is to manage and implement the internal revenue law. Their responsibility is to help individuals to understand their tax obligations as well as to tax collection. secondment (Security and Exchange Commission)SEC also called the Securities and Exchange Commission. Their main objective is to protect investors, maintains the Integrity of the market and facilitates chapiter formation. The SEC also ensures that earthly concern companies follow the rules and regulations set by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP.Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF)Their responsibility is to establish and cleanse monetary score, the administration and finances of the financial accounting of its standard-setting board, the financial accounting standards advisory council, the governmental accounting standards board or better c ognize as GASB and their advisory council. criterions of non-government financial accounting and reporting like not-for-profit organizations are examined by FASB (Financial Accounting Standard Board). The GASB was formed to establish accepted accounting principles for state and local government. It was also established to examine the jut of FASB on the state and local levels.FASAB (Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board)The FASAB was established in 1973 with the purpose to create and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting by nongovernmental entities that provides information to investors and other users of financial reports.The IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) is established to word accounting standards through an international consultation process. This is done with representatives from countries all over the world to ensure the tincture and feasibility of the financial reports.The PCAOB (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) was create d through the development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to protect investors and their investments from the auditors of public traded companies.ACIPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.) It is the last major regulatory body and its function is to create the standards for accounting and reporting. The standards are set by working with the FASB, assisting the FASB in enforcing the standards, and assisting them with their technical support.

Dissertation Research Design

Sample utterance Methodology Quantitative Survey Strategy1 Research Methodology1.1 IntroductionThis look into project has been wiz of the most thought-provoking and challenging feature of the masters course. It provides a chance to endorse, simplify, pursue and even explore new facets of ones query upshot. The interrogation get espouse is an important aspect to increase the rationality of the look according to Cresswell (2007). The explore onion plant plant is a methodology that was developed by Saunders et al (2003). consort to the explore onion, as shown in figure 4.1, the entire process is in the image of an onion comprising of various layers. The research philosophy, research burn upes, research strategies, conviction horizons and the information charm method form the contrary layers of the onion line drawing distributively of the research process. The process involves peeling each layer at a time to execute the centre which is the actual question of the resear ch. For this research philosophy of interpretivism was chosen along with deductive approach and in general using quantitative techniques for information collection and analysis (Saunders et al., 2009).The chapter details the research process pick out and continues with an write up of the info collection and selective information analysis methods employed by the police detective including a justification for the approach and method.The try method employ by the researcher is discussed and justified and the chapter continues with a commentary of the limitation of the subject program.Finally the issues of observer influence are c overed as in the ethical approach to the research and a summary of the chapter is presented1.2 The Research Philosophy Research philosophy forms the outermost layer of the research onion. in that location are three views based on the way friendship is developed and corroborated. Individuals or groups rely upon their individual experiences, memories and expectations to derive logic from accompaniments occurring in the society. This logic gets revised over a period of time with new experiences which in turns leads to different interpretations. Therefore it is essential to determine and understand the factors that impact, govern and affect the interpretations of individuals. match to Denzin and Lincoln (2003) interpretivists believe in multiple realities. Hatch and Cuncliffe (2006) have described how interpretivists try to draw subject matter from realities and further creat new ones to analyse the different point of views and to validate them against academic literatures. Since the aim is to interpret the opinion of social actors and gaining insights using their pointo of views, it locoweednot be generalised (Saunders et al. 2007). Remenyi et al. (1998) described an interpretivist as one who tries to ascertain the details of the situation with the underlying motive to unearth the working logic behind the situation.Eriksson and Kovalainen (2008) point out a damage which researchers need to take care of eon adopting the interpretivism. They say that because of the closeness of the researcher and the researched, there is a uniformlihood of a bias in the interpretation. The solution is self-reflectionThis research attempts to ascertain a relationship, if any, between friendship centering framework in an organisation and the behaviour resulting from the knowledge centering practices. This approach adopted by the researcher requires to get close to the participants and try and throw light on their acumen of the reality. Thus it stooge be said that the researcher adopts a interpretivism philosophy.The Research ApproachThe next layer of the research onion is the research approach. The design of the research project determines the choice of research approach adopted. If the research involves developing a supposition and guessing (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the hypotheses the n the approach classifies as a deductive approach. On the other hand the inductive approach involves data collection and developing a possibleness based on the analysis of the data.In an inductive approach a theory follows the data collection where as it is vice versa in drive of a deductive approach. According to Saunders et al (2003), researchers in the twentieth century criticised the deductive approach stating that deductive approach help establish cause-effect links between particular proposition variable without taking in to account the human interpretation. Saunders et al. (2000) suggest that researcher should be independent of what is cosmos observed, which the deductive approach dictates. Robson (1993) suggests that the deductive approach is a theory testing practice which arises from an established theory or generalisation, and tries to validate the theory in context to specific instances.According to Jashapara (2004) intimacy Management, the central topic of the rese arch, has been around since ancient Greece and Rome and it further mentions that knowledge wariness is growing at an exponential evolution with a lot of literature available. As Creswell (1994) suggests that a deductive approach would be a rectify approach in such a scenario. Since the data collection for this research involves online surveys by professionals, time is a valuable commodity. In a deductive approach, data collection is less time consuming and plant on a one take basis, which is in wish well manner beneficial for the participant of the survey. Following a deductive approach ensures a highly structured methodology (Giles and Johnson, 1997) and can also be basis for hereafter research adopting an inductive approach.1.3 Research StrategyThe research strategy provides a rough picture about how the research question (s) allow be answered. It also specifies the ancestrys for data collection and hindrances faced throughout the research like data access limitations, t ime constraints, economical and ethical issues. Saunders et al. (2003) explain that the strategy is concerned with the overall approach you adopt while the tactics involves the details like data collection methods (questionnaire, interviews published data) and analysis methods. There are several strategies that can be employed and they can be classified based on the approach, deductive or inductive, adopted.This research adopts deductive approach. Survey strategy is well suited for this approach. A humongous measurement of data was required to determine the relationship, if any, between the reachs defined in the literature review. According to Saunders et al (2003) and Collins and Hussey (2003) surveys allows data collection and can be intercommunicate to a sizeable audience in a very cost-effective way. Surveys are mostly done in the form of questionnaire, as questionnaire provides convertible data making it easy for comparison. One drawback is the time spent to construct an d test a questionnaire. In a survey there is a huge dependence on the participants to answer the questionnaire causing uncalled-for delays. There is also a limitation on the number of questions that can be included in the questionnaire. This limitation is from the respondents perspective if the researcher wants a high quality of response from the participants.Owing to the nature and measurement of size required, statistical analysis of data, time available for the research and for economic reasons the survey strategy has been adopted for this research.Choice of research methodAccording to Saunders et al. (2003) the research methods are in accord with the methods and utilise for data collection and analysis. Quantitative research is associated with numeric data collection and analysis while, qualitative methods are devoted towards non-numeric or data that is gained from inference. However a combined approach can also be adopted as suggested by Tashakori and Teddlies (2003). The m ain advantage is that the researcher can get a different perspective while attempting to answer the research questions and also make more(prenominal) reliable interpretations, triangulation (Saunders et al. 2009).For this research data was collected via online questionnaire and was statically analysed and represented using graphs. Number c sackching methods are generally used in business and management studies. This method is principally contributed to quantitative analysis. To answer the research question data was also collected from theories and case studies and analysed qualitatively. To present the analysis in a structured manner and articulate the inferences from the theories and statistical analysis could completely be done by means of words (Saunders et al., 2009). By making use of qualitative methods the data could be categorized under knowledge management environment, organisational knowledge behaviour and Individual knowledge behaviour and with the aid of narrative an a ttempt to establish relationships, if any, between them (Saunders et al., 2009, p.516).1.4 Time HorizonsSaunders et al. (2009) suggest that a research can be depicted in a snap look alike or can have a diary like perspective. A snapshot horizon is termed as a address sectional whereas the diary perspective is termed as longitudinal. Further Saunders et al (2003) suggest that the time perspective to research (cross-sectional or longitudinal) is independent of the research strategy.Longitudinal research is adopted when change or development that occurs over a period of time is to be studied. Adam and Schvaneveldt (1991) suggest that in longitudinal studies is very profitable in studying human behaviours and development. Longitudinal studies do have a limitation when time is a constraint. In cross-sectional research, a certain phenomenon is studied at a particular point in time. This research tries to explore the relationship between organisational environment and its effect on organ isational behaviours in the context of acquaintance Management. It is aimed to find the relation at the present time so a cross-sectional study is adopted. According to Easterby-Smith et al. ( 2002) surveys are preferred in cross-sectional studies. However Robson (2002) g=further says that qualitative methods can also be adopted in cross-sectional studies by considering interviews carried out in a short foil of time.1.5 secondhand Data CollectionAccording to Saunders et al. ( 2003) unoriginal data includes both quantitative and qualitative data. Secondary data is usually used in the form of case studies or survey-based research in management and business research. Saunders et al. (2003) have classified secondary data under documentary data, complied data and survey-based data as shown in figure 3.1For this research the primary data collection was using online questionnaires. However documentary secondary data was also unsed in conjunction to the primary data. The purpose of maki ng use of secondary data was to explore the existing literature and explore the various facets of knowledge management. Documentary secondary data like books, journals articles were used in this research to define the three constructs explained in chapter 2. Also secondary data was used to explore the literature to define the research question. Books by noted authors and academic journals such as Emerald journals, swetswise e-journals, ebsco innkeeper were refereed for the purpose of data collection.The dependableness and validity of secondary data relates to the methods by which the data was collected and the source of the data. A quick estimate of the source can ensure validity and reliability of the data. Dochartaigh (2002) suggests the testing of reliability and validity refers to testing the authority and reputation of the source. Articles and papers found in Emerald and Ebscohost are likely to be more reliable and trustworthy which can be inferred from the move existence of such organisations. Dochartaigh (2002) furthers the point of assessment by looking out for copyright statement.1.6 Research SampleSaunders et al. (2003) differentiated sampling techniques as probability sampling and non-probability sampling based on their generalizability. Probability sampling meant that the research question could be answered and generalized crossways the target population, based on the responses from the sample size. Time was a constraint owing to the business of the participants who belonged to Knowledge intensive industry, selecting a sampling method was a challenge. According to Easterby-Smith et al. (2002), sampling methods must reduce the amount of data to be collected by focusing on the target population rather than a random sample population.Snowball sampling was selected to ensure that maximum participants could be reached. The research was carried within 7 organisations across 5 countries. The researcher could not personally know so many professional from IT and other knowledge intensive industry, so a few managers was contacted who subsequently forradered the questionnaire to others with in their look onive organisation resulting in to a homogeneous sample (Babbie, 2008). Manager also had to be contacted since all participants could not be addressed directly callable company policies restricting external emails.Since the questionnaire was target at the users of knowledge management tools and practices with in the organisation, the researcher requested the managers to forward the questionnaire across the organisation independent of the managerial status. Sample selection was continued till 20 responses from each organisation were received. 140 samples have been considered for this study.1.7 Primary Data collectionQuestionnaire is a form of data collection in which all the respondents are asked the same set of questions in a pre-set cabaret (deVaus, 2002). Robson (2002) suggested that questionnaires are not effective in a de scriptive research as it is requires many idle ended questions to be answered. All the participants should interpret the questionnaire in the same manner the data collected can be reliable. If the questionnaire is worded correctly, less effort is required to administer the questionnaire (Jankowicz, 2000). Questionnaire can be classified as shown in the Figure below. The differentiation is based on the level of interaction between the researcher and the respondents.The research has an worldwide orientation to it. The respondents are based in 5 countries and it was not feasible for the researcher to meet each respondent. So a self-administered questionnaire was the most appropriate option. Time and monetary constraint further helped to narrow bring down the survey to an online questionnaire where the questionnaire was forwarded to the emails. Email offers a better reliability as the respondents would access their own emails and respond to the questionnaire (Witmer et al., 1999). In this case the questionnaire was sent to the managers who further forwarded the emails to their colleagues. In this scenario online questionnaire was a more feasible option because it is easy to forward emails, unauthorised access to emails would be difficult and the responses would go directly to the researcher without them being disclosed or discussed with.The questionnaire has been divided into two parts. The first part consists of information regarding demographics such as organisation location, age, tenure in the organisation and job role. The second part consists of questions related to organizations knowledge management practices, knowledge behaviour and use of the knowledge. The data required for the research required responses from managerial and non-managerial employees working in a knowledge intensive environment. It was required to create an accurate cause effect relationship of the KM practices with respect the organisational environment and behaviour of employees. Thi s required honest responses about the KM practices.Appendix shows the questions that were asked to define the relationship amongst the construct defined in the literature review. Likert scale has been used to score each question and score will be given from strongly disagree(1) to strongly agree(5) to. In the questionnaire 1 question has been framed using negation and in a reverse order. Podsakoff et al. (2003) suggest that this should be done to ensure that respondent pay attention while reading the question. All questionnaires were returned within 72 hours. Considering the incentives and time constraints for the respondents the questionnaire was designed so that it does not take more than 8-10 minutes to be answered.1.8 Dota Analysis methodsQualitative and quantitative data has been used in this research. Qualitative data has been used to study the literature about knowledge manangement and define the constructs that for the basis of the research question. Quantitiative data was collected primarily with the help of questionnaire.1.9 Methodological ReviewSaunders et al. (2003) emphasis on two aspects of data collection validity and reliability. The validity and reliability of secondary data has been explained in SECTION. Saunders et al. (2007) suggest that in case of a questionnaire pilot testing should be done to ensure the validity of the question and the reliability of the data subsequently collected. The questionnaire used for the survey has been well-tried on a group, to test the comprehensibility of the content and the logic of the questions. Bell (1999) suggests that a trail run should never be compromised even if time is a constraint. While testing the questionnaire the respondent were asked regarding the time interpreted to complete, ambiguity of the questions, if any questions caused a uncomfortable feeling or awkward state of mind and the go away was the structure. Validating the questionnaire ensures that the response for each question and the motive for the question are the relevant (Saunders et al. 2000).Reliability of the questionnaire depends on the consistency of the response to the same questions. To ensure this the questionnaire must be answered twice by the respondent at differing time (Easterby-Smith, et al. 2002). This may be difficult due time constraints but should be done. Mitchell (1996) suggests that the responses of the questions should be check for consistency within the subgroup. In this research the questionnaire has been divided in to 4 sections. During the pilot testing the responses where check into for consistency with in each section to ensure the reliability. The results can be generalised to an extent due to the sample size and inferences are gathered based on the statistical analysis. Steps have been taken to ensure the anonymous nature of the questionnaire so that the responses are honest and unbiased.