UK employment law & Role of the State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UK trade law & Role of the State - testify Examplesees the taxation of wholly items under consideration and makes sure that proper tax system and electric pig are in place it is also obligated to provide enough social security to all its citizens, create and maintain public utilities, offer timely trainings on its agenda and offer job humans schemes among former(a)s. As a legislator, it endeavours to see that individuals are well justified in case proceedings and other disputes related matters, including the regulation of employment issues and trade unions (Guest 1995 p. 23).As an employer is involved in ensuring the public sector are payed with their dues and including their expenses. Also, it privatizes and nationalizes its public and private firms and by managing their ideology in employment relations. Lastly, an arbitrator in employment cases and tribunals, it forms commissions for authorised inquiries on special and needy and sensitive matters of the country which in turn become watchdog agencies against misappropriations of employment relations between itself and its citizens. It also puts special tribunal courts for such proceedings and hearings.The emphasis by the earth of regulations is reflected by the decline of trade unions influences and its bargaining power, particularly, in the private sector. It is also shown in the increase in direct communications with its employees in its various agencies as part of valet Resources Management strategies (Storey, n.d).The following entails the Human Resource Management strategies employed by the state in various functions of employment relations. The state is organism a pluralist, a unitary and global. It also enhances and employs Liberal Individualism, Liberal Collectivism and Bargained Corporatism in its human preference activities.The state emphasises the tripartite and collective nature of industrial relations (IR) as practiced in the UK until 1979. This outline was derived by Fox (1966). This p olicy recognizes that employers and employees can have

Improving Brand Loyalty through Brand Image Starbucks Company Dissertation

Improving Brand commitment through Brand Image Starbucks Company - Dissertation ExampleGaining a competitive advantage by not just selling a product but selling a community a place where people could have a sense of belonging. By touching peoples emotions, they were able to hit office at the heart, where people are moved, and decisions are easily made based on emotions and what touches them. Their customers were made to receive special and a part of an elite group surrounded by another(prenominal)s like them as those who purchased the coffee beans, other products (such as holiday items), and music could share the same social lifestyle- ace that is upscale yet affordable (compared to strong luxury chumps that only the wealthy can partake.) It is much than just a mere cup of coffee that they were getting. It is a lifestyle, a community, a way of life. Starbucks 4Table of Contents 1. Presentation1 1.1 Title..11.2 Executive Summary..21.3 Table of Contents..31.4 diagnose of Tabl es..61.5 List of Figures.81.6 References/Bibliography..92. Introduction202.1 mount202.2 Research Problem/Justification of the Study222.3 Aims.232.4 Objectives/Research Questions..233.Literature Review243.1 Relevance..243.2 Up to Date..573. regularityology644.1 Selection and Justification of Research Method/Approach...644.2 Appropriateness of the Research Method/Approach..654.3 Research Design (Addressing Matters of Validity and Reliability)....684.4 Selection and justification of data aggregation methods.71Starbucks 55. Research Results725.1 Analysis of Results725.2 Presentation...725.3 Discussion..75 6. Conclusion/Recommendations and Limitations of the Study..766.1 Link with the Aims and Objectives776.2 Link with the Research Problem...786.3 Practicality of recommendations...786.4 Awareness of... 2. Introduction2.1 Background of the StudyIn todays world, at that place are numerous of products on the market. In fact, there are too many products and brands to mention as it seems that just about every single occasion imaginable has already been invented and available for sale. Due to technological advances, the Internet has provided tools for that businesses can use to create their brand and deliver the image that it wants consumers to have regarding their products like never before. So competition is fierce and companies must capture up with new ideas that will make their products more desirable to consumers. The culture of the luxury brands industry is one of image. Nowadays people do not just buy a product simply for the product itself. Purchasing in order to just to have the product is not the only reason for spend money anymore. No longer do the days and age of mere survival (such as the first Era or before the Industrial Revolution) exist. Money and credit is at our disposal and life is more leisurely than before. Therefore, products must meet higher demands and standards. People live more luxuriously if even in appearance and image. It is this ima ge and the culture that people buy into. For example, an individual who is making minimum wage and exhausting to make ends meet typically is happy with a car that is dependable. Then as life progresses, he/she becomes more comfortable and wants a car that does more than run. Features such as air conditioning, heater, and a radio become important.

The Impact Of The Repeal Of Dont Ask Dont Tell Policies On Military Research Paper

The Impact Of The Repeal Of Dont Ask Dont Tell Policies On Military Families - Research Paper ExampleAs the military grapples with the issue of changes in policy, the sociological effects will also be an issue. The nature of the policy, however, has been a failure causing problems within the secrecy that has been created. stir has become necessary in indian lodge to facilitate a safer, and more(prenominal) enlightened environment in which the military can move past this issue and make it a non-issue, a standard of adoption in which sexual orientation is a moot point, but conduct is standard for every last(predicate) power who accept that their sexual nature must be kept out of their service. by aggressively victorious down the level of sexual harassment and eliminating sexual displays of dominance, the military can become a more solid and unified organization in which men and women are safe and honorably treated with respect. The pastime study through secondary research wil l examine the nature of the wear upont request dont tell policy and the guidances in which the repeal is a necessary measure. Through understanding the ways in which the sociological nature of the military will undergo changes, this will be related to the ways in which the repeal of the law will impact military families. ... he dont ask dont tell policy, creating a background for the controversy and then relating the cultivation to the effect that the repeal of this policy will have on military families. As the issue is intertwined with those who validate political factions that support the family values platform, the new policies and philosophies that will be included in the sociology of military action will have some form of impact on families within the military. The paper will be structured with a history of the military philosophies on homosexuality and the consequences of those philosophies. The research will reveal the way in which the policy was successful and unsucces sful, thus creating context from which to determine how the repeal of the policy will equal members of the military. Fin eachy, the paper will make a brief exploration of the ways in which homosexual nakedness has affected family life in the United States, including the effects that other social policy changes in guess to homosexuality has effected sociological structures and experiences within society. The paper will conclude with a discussion of all of the elements of the research, providing an in-depth analysis of the topic. The research will be approached through secondary methods of study, the pertinent literature searched in order to key out contributing information to the topic. The first method of research will be conducted through Google Books, where relevant key words will be put into a the search in order to find relatable information. The nature of the discovered work will be put into context with the reliability of the information. Not all of the information that is used will be from reliable sources as some of the search will incriminate finding controversial opinions, but those pieces will be

Entrepreneur Interview & Personal Analysis Essay

Entrepreneur question & Personal Analysis - Essay Exampleries have been put forward including psychological theories which try to con by dint of the mental perceptions of entrepreneurs as helping to explain why and how they do subscriber line. Most of these theories have majored in personalised traits and perceive entrepreneurs as having some unique traits from those of the non-entrepreneurs, charm other think of someones emphasize as being a significant contributor to doing business (Locke, 2000, pp.23-34). Others have looked at it from the locus of enclose point of view. An entrepreneur is also perceived to be a risk taker because from these risks, he or she reaps benefits that find with opportunities taken (Shane, 2000, pp.448 469). Researches carried out in the recent past have mainly addressed issues to do with macro-level environmental forces when it comes to entrepreneurship. The individual decision-making processes of entrepreneurs and how they have internally percei ved what they do on a micro-level has not received very much attention. What most scholars concur with is the fact that good economic conditions do encourage successful entrepreneurship and should thus be promoted if growth of businesses taking up various opportunities need to be realized. These issues will be addressed in the paper based on the information gathered from Jane Norvak as the entrepreneur in this case break down or interview. 2.0 Evaluation of the entrepreneur Jane indicated that she has been in business for three years now and she started it while she was 23 years of age. This actually falls within the most active group of youths. The business is Norvak dish aerial and sitting room where she deals with many customers who come for the beauty services and cosmetics. She also said that her family members are not in business since they are employed in various professions.... Jane indicated that she has been in business for three years now and she started it while she was 23 years of age. This actually falls within the most active group of youths. The business is Norvak Beauty and Parlour where she deals with many customers who come for the beauty services and cosmetics. She also said that her family members are not in business since they are employed in various professions. This puts to question whether family background determines if one becomes an entrepreneur or not (Norvak, 2011). When asked why she chose to set up a business instead of looking for employment in the white collar job sector, she said that she preferred doing business because this gave her a sense of independence and see to it over her affairs. She talked of being an outgoing person who loves life and would not want to be pressured for what she has not done or what she has to do (Norvak, 2011). This seems to be in line with the argument that most entrepreneurs are motivated by the need for independence and achievement of personal goals in life. The statement also is in line w ith the system of locus of control whereby an entrepreneur holds a belief in the personal abilities to start and finish things through individual actions without being supervised. She said that the business gives her personal satisfaction and she thus loves what she is doing (Collins, et al., 2000).

Report on a project that has occurred or is occurring in the public or Research Paper

Report on a project that has occurred or is occurring in the public or lodge or corporate sector - Re search Paper ExampleProducing and processing gun for hire in sea where it is extracted is a major contributing factor towards innovation and reducing cost. It ordain also make impudent energy sources accessible. The major characteristics of a project are that it is temporary in nature (Pinto, 2010). This means that it has a starting date and an ending date. Besides this the outcome of the project must be unique in nature. It must be either in the make up of a product, service or result. This project startd by shell has several societal benefits and it has the potential to bring revolution in the ways natural gas is produced. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT This section of the report will discuss about the project and discuss measures which initiate the project. The judge deliverables and the outcomes of the project will be discussed along with the organizational details. Overcoming certain barriers like cost, time, quality, scope and venture are the main objectives of the project (Atkinson, 1999). This is because all these factors contribute directly to its success. The main objective of the project is to keep cost and utilize the time that is allotted to the project in the most efficient manner (Harrison, and Lock, 2004). incidentally completion of the project and right(a) management of the resources will improve the quality delivered. New projects or magnification strategies of the business involve risk associated to it. The efficiencies of implementation of the process can reduce the risk (Hamilton, 2004). The project of perplex prelude (FLNG) is owned by Shell. It is located on the Western shore of Australia. The project was started in 2011 and is expected to be completed in 2015 (Shell, 2013a). Shell is planning to adopt large gas resources and explore much reserves across Australia. The company also has interest in acquiring new coal reserves and expanding its exploration boundaries. The development phase of Prelude FLNG project was constructed from the contribution of six hundred engineers from across the world. A nonplus of the project was designed which was tested in artificial sea conditions. This was done to test the model against the pressure of winds and waves (Shell, 2013c). The FLNG project after construction is estimated as the largest floating offshore facility (Offshore Technology, 2012). It will be 488 meters long and it will weigh 600,000 tons if loaded to full capacity. The total weight of steel use for building the FLNG project would be 260,000 tons (Shell, 2013a). This project is innovative because it will accommodate all the functions which were performed on land earlier. The FLNG will allow ease of production, liquefaction of natural gas, storage of gas in liquid form to reduce the storage cost and allow transfer at sea. Initiation of developing projects like these will help open offshore natural gas fie lds (Shell, 2013b). These projects are costlier to operate and difficult to develop on land. Development of FLNG will resolve these issues. Shell has initiated this project with the collaboration of contractor Technip Samsung Consortium (TSC). TSC has an pledge with Shell of providing multiple facilities like engineering, manage the procurement of goods required for production, provide construction facilities and ensure proper installation of the FLNG facility. The site selected for the project is of the prelude gas field located on Northwest edge of Australia. After completion of this project about 350 direct

Analyse horror movie Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analyse horror movie - enquiry Paper ExampleAfter the attempts to kill Lestat fail, Louis and Claudia set off halfway across the world in search of their own strain. In France, they find other vampires in the underworld and they join this group lead by vampire Armand who has feelings of intimacy to Louis. Their stay turns tragic when the vampires in Paris kill Claudia and Louis is saved from end by Armand. Louis, Lestat and Claudia have different characters which were influenced by time, self personality and other external factors. Louis The past life sentence of Louis as a mortal played a significant role in determining his character. earlier to becoming a vampire, Louiss wife had died during childbirth. Louis was terribly affected by the death of his wife and he became desperate to an extent of wishing to die. In whizz instance, Louis narrates that his wife and infant had been buried less than a half year before he became a vampire. Louis says that I would have been happy to join them. I couldnt bear the pain of their loss. I longed to be released from it (Interview with the Vampire). It is imperative that Louis genuinely loved his wife and newborn infant child. Suffice to say, Louis was also caring enough given the fact that he was felt a bullocky connection to his family. From Louis narration, it is evident that he had loving self personality. Suffice to say, his loving nature as a mortal is replicated in the relationship that he forms with Claudia as a vampire. In his mortal form, Louis was a kind person. He interacts with his slave Yvette in a respectful way with out(a) disregarding her as it would be expect of a slave to a master. After becoming a vampire, Louis exercises great restraint to prevent himself from the lure of killing Yvette. When Yvette offers Louis food and expresses her concern about his wellbeing, Louis fights the instinctive vampire pulse to kill her and drink her blood. He dismisses her from the dinner table saying Ill finish it, Yvette. Now leave us. (Interview with the Vampire).. However, he managed to suppress that urge and spared her life due to his self personality. In retrospect, it can be argued that Louis was a kind person who wanted the lives of other people irrespective of their position in the society. The influence of vampire Lestat and vampire Claudia on Louiss character cannot be understated. After becoming a vampire, Louis resisted the counsel of Lestat as it was against his will. Lestat encourages Louis kill human beings sort of of feeding on animals such as rats and chicken. Lestat castigates him for his choice of food by stating that the chickens would eventually run out and he would be forced to seek other sources of food. Despite the pressure from Lestat, Louis manages to hold on to his convictions albeit for well-nigh time. However, it is notable that Louis was greatly influenced by the Lestats ideas. When he kills the slave girl Yvette, Louis indicates that he felt material pea ce when he killed. Louis indicates that Lestats words made sense to him since he was able to feel at ease when he killed a human being. This implies that the behavior and advice of Lestat influenced Louis character to a certain extent. At one point, Louis says that Her blood coursed through my veins sweeter than life itself (Interview with the Vampire). It was not in Louis nature to kill human beings, let whole derive extreme

Human Resource Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource Change - Research Paper ExampleHistorically, Jack Cohen (Tesco, 2011) was the person who founded Tesco in eastside London in late 1910s. From a small sell outlet in East London in the social class 1919, Tesco has at one time approximately four thousand eight hundred locations approximately the world. In specific, Tesco (2011) began from selling grocery items however, now involved in selling of consumer goods, as well as financial services globally. Initially, during its beginning, Tesco Tea was the only brand product that was available at Tesco (2011) in 1920s. By proving it as a leader, in the year 1979, Tesco (2011) was successful in reaching the annual sales of genius billion pounds. However, within three years, the annual sales doubled indicating its success in the global retail market. On international level, Tesco (2011) enjoys the credit of becoming the first retailer to indicate nutritional values of its products. During 1990s, Tesco began its move aroun d towards Asian countries, and it has been successful in Asian region until today. In the year 2000, Tesco (2011) launched its official website, and in the year 2007, Tesco (2011) was able to launch its first outlet in the USA. In this regard, from 1919 to 2011, Tesco (2011) has been successful in becoming a global retailer giant. Besides such achievements, Tesco (2011) has been offering a motivational workplace environment to its employees as well. According to its website (Tesco, 2011), the company offers a training and development opportunities to its workforce by allowing them to continue their education speckle working at the same time, which is an efficient way of the company to encourage its employees to develop themselves while putt efforts to... This essay stresses that autonomy indicates the level of freedom that individuals get during their different tasks in the organizations in terms of their decision-making power. Lastly, the sustain trait refers to the extent to whi ch managers give value to feedback of the employees in an organization. From recognition of these five core job traits, it is an disposition that the organization will be able to employ the most appropriate motivational strategy on the employees, and will be able to acquire most efficient outcomes. HR managers now face a greater duty of dealing with the employees according to their social and cultural values. The paper included analysis on some of the major issues that HR managers at Tesco and some(prenominal) other organizations confront while dealing with their employees. Although Tesco has now become one of the leading organizations globally, however, still, its managers face several issues while bringing out change in their different procedures and processes. In specific, to ensure high-productivity and quality-performance employees, it is very important that managers should endeavor to understand the situation first and thusly put efforts in employing a motivational strategy . Although money plays an important role in motivating humans, however, several other factors are imperative in ensuring success in an organization. Finally, HR managers have the major responsibility to evaluate and decide about the tools and strategies that can result in the most efficient outcomes.

Political Climate of the 1980's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Climate of the 1980s - Essay ExampleIt is wrong to assume that the arms look sharp is over as both the United States and the Russian Federation goes on feverishly producing deadlier and more deadly weapons of mass destruction. The Russian Federation today is under the dictated leadership of Vladimir Putin compared to the indisciplined and chaotic days in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, under Boris Yeltsin. Russia today is far more stable and prosperous though frequently less democratic compared to the days of Yeltsin. Putin as a leader may be strong and determined but he also has a past that worries the west, his reputation of a ruthless KGB officer.It is however matte in many strategic circles that the west too has overlooked its responsibilities and recklessly went ahead with attempts to get the occasion Warsaw Pact members under the NATO ambit. The Russians have historically resented attempts by the western powers to penetrate their Slavic sphere of interest in E astern Europe and to this extent it could be said that the west for once could have been a itsy-bitsy more measured in its approach.

Portfolio Project Part 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Portfolio Project Part 5 - Essay Exampleamiliar with the physical rail way distinctiveness including playenger stations, the decline, and incline the locomotive to the right mode and the facilitate is confined. Alongside conductor, the engineer observes time not to leave the station early, nor fall behind schedule. The speed of the train must be decreased when behind other trains, variable time over road to keep away from arriving early, or approaching route diversions (Patzak, 171). The engineer can assume the conductors duties and responsibilities if the conductor is sick or injured.The locomotive engineer is demanded of him to have a clear knowledge of squeeze geometry that includes signal positions to control safely the train. Retaining concentration is of significant importance in this role. In various US railroads, the progression of career is one that grows as an assistant brakeman, then conductor and lastly, an engineer. The U S, engineers need accreditation and re-accre dited after(prenominal) every 2 to 3 years.The least instructive prerequisite for a locomotive engineer is at least a high school diploma or its equivalent, dickens years college and another two years of public contact experience. Potential engineers should be at 21 years and above of season and in good bodily condition, not have drug or alcohol addiction troubles. about training for this profession is on the job, through a simulator experience, hands on instruction and combination of classroom lessons. Students must normally pass training class for a conductor before being permitted to begin the locomotive engineering program (Rajegopal, et al 189).Train engineer is needed with a federal licence to drive passenger or freight locomotive. After the completion of training program for engineers, potential applicants pass a written exam that tests their knowledge of train operations and skills performance test. Licensed applicants are involve to pass a vision and hearing test, a s urprise operational test that measures engineers reaction to

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

twist jurist - Assignment ExampleThere was formation of the international association of chiefs of police, women included in the police forces 1910 Los Angeles, establishment of fraternal order of police and use of new technology such as phones and automobiles in the police department (Schmalleger, pg. 90).The period of prohibition is considered one of the dark periods in the development of law execution and enforcement. It is during this era that so many organized criminal incidents escalated, illegal businesses grew without hindrance, and corruption in the police forces was amused allowing unlawful acts to go on at their watching. It was until the Wickersham Commission realized that prohibition era was doing more defame than good that then significant law changes were initiated fight corruption and unlawfulness. This included the growth of civil rights where by the Supreme Court stated individual rights, scrutiny of police operations and formation of the Law Enforcement helpe r Administration. Law improvement and enforcement strategies were defined and adopted by the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice standards and Goals.There are several federal law enforcement agencies in America each with a specific function geared towards promoting law. The US Department of Justice is responsible for reporting crimes, locating fugitives, conclusion sales of seized property, identifying missing individuals and building test between law enforcement and the general public they serve. The Central information Agency is charged with the duty of preempting threats and advance the US national security objectives by gathering newsworthiness that is significant, analyzing data, initiate action as prompted by the president and protect the national secretes. The Federal Bureau of probe protects the US from terror attacks, against foreign intelligence operations, protect civil rights and against

Healthcare Policy Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health handle Policy Articles - Essay ExampleOne reason that brill presents s evidence for the failure of the Affordable Care Act relates to the withdraw of the administration of President chirk up Obama from negotiating and controlling prices of drugs intended for Medicare schedule. The second reason for the failure of the Obama Care is that policy makers for the program first compelled numerous people to subscribe to the program without prioritizing review and fixing of health care costs. This move saw freehanded people subscribe to the program with no governmental effort to control costs. The result has been big kale for drug maker, policy firms, hospitals, and incentives for doctors. The issues presented by Brill in his article present challenging situations to health care organizations and patients. The fact legion(predicate) health care organizations liaise with insurance companies to extort money from patients has led many people to resort to self-diagnosis and over the counter drugs. Patients also suffer because they have to pay huge insurance premiums but receive inferior care at exaggerated costs. The stakeholders in the article are the not-for-profit advocacy organization called MDRC through its President Gordon Berlin and the refer for Global Development. Gina Kolata who is the author of the article claims the Innovation Center established as part of the Obama Care to research on the best way to handle the program will not yield proper outcomes. To support the prediction, the author points at the small number of participants selected through non-random means.

Four Season Hotel in Guangzhou Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Four Season Hotel in Guangzhou - thesis Proposal ExampleThis list should be alphabetized and stapled to the back of the proposal form. (You should not attach copies of the publications).The investigate Context/background In this question study, the main focus is on the hidden rationales that affect the servicing spirit and customer loyalty and their relation. This research would try to explain the theory of service quality and customer loyalty.The significance of Study The aim of this research is to study the relationship between service quality and customers loyalty. This is key to increase the loyalty of customers. Service quality and customer loyalty are at once proportional to each other. The greater the quality of service, greater would be the loyalty of the customer to the brand.Theoretical material Service Quality and Loyalty of Customer are key variables of this study. This study envisages identifying the role of service quality in formulating a strategy to attain cu stomers loyalty.In the past, many similar research studies have been conducted in hotel and hospitality industry. These studies also tried to unearth the hidden rationales behind the service quality. No study specific to food and beverages department of Four Seasons Hotel, Guangzhou, China has yet been conducted. So, this research study is unlike than other research studies in many aspects. This study would shed light on the working of an American hotel chain in a highly competitive market like China. Following are somewhat main points derived from a literature review of similar research studies.

Mid-term Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mid-term Assignment - Essay ExampleThey set about brought to the highest degree of the world influential markets together to breach the boundaries and limits to allow global flow. Through technology, they have been able to extend transport and make efficient communications to the target markets. This has in turn cut down be that keep most participants out of the market.They have managed to liberate trade activities (Intriligator, pp. 3) with economic liberation being the of import topic. Through this, so many changes have happened in that the way the world trade currently is fall and with minimum barriers. Even if this kind of liberation was started by most countries during the world war, China and the United States have managed to actualize it in time when the world needs it most. This contribution has lowered the trade charges. Factors of production reject most countries from participating in global businesses. However, these two nations provide the most important factors o f production capital letter and labor that boost the developing nations. Since they are superpower nations, they have made sure that most of the international markets and links are open to all those leave behinding to take part in.Institutional changes have vie a key role in globalization. With improved technology, most companies have managed to expand their market bases. Initially, with piddling technological knowhow, most of these companies valued local markets. The introduction of great technological means has revolutionized how they operate. This means that their wage have gone beyond their imagination. United States and China have huge multinational companies that are moldable up the industrial structure. Through this, there is increased productivity, power and profit generation because all resources are being utilized. Another good way of incorporating firms is through the use Nongovernmental organizations. These two nations have a will to support the

Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

manakin - Essay ExampleFor any kind of disguise, a different model has to be developed. There are two such models, namely, Agent based show and Monte Carlo simulation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to brush up to scholarly articles where the above mentioned simulations have been applied in real life situations. For agent based simulation, a case study of non-pharmaceutical strategies to combat influenza has been selected. For Monte Carlo simulation, improving the reliability and performance of the transportation web of Istanbul under earthquake has been selected. The idea is to review the case study to understand the problem faced and how simulation helped solved the issue through its unique characteristics. Agent Based disguise Agent based simulation is an approach whereby agents are used to note the extent to which the project is a success for a certain kind of simulation. In the paper by Mao, the non-pharmaceutical strategies to combat influenza were considered u nder agent based simulation. ... These agents were interpreted from Buffalo, New York and they were further categorized into different locations as well as timings. It was assumed that these agents met a mix of people when socializing and travelling and thus could be good agents of carrying and transporting the influenza virus. In order to belt start the study, five agents were introduced in the case study already carrying the influenza virus and thus propagate the virus within the state. These agents were asked to resume normal day activities and socialize in like manner so as to name an accurate study (Mao, 2011). The results of the survey showed that when flu was extended to two more days, it is expected to minimize the seasonal worker influenzas disease attack rate. With a three day extension, more desirable results were to be found as the spread of the disease is further curtailed. This was because when people limit their interactions with others, the spread of the virus i s also limited. This strategy was thus found to be quite practical since individuals can easily take a day off when they have caught the seasonal flu. Such a strategy can be expedient in countries that do not have access to proper vaccination and pharmaceutical medicines (Mao, 2011). Monte Carlo Simulation Case Study of Istanbuls Transportation Network Ordinarily, during natural or man-made disasters, chaos ensues. This makes it exhausting to effectively develop a disaster response as transportation is the most impacted region of the disaster. For rescue and relief operations to be carried out effectively, transportation system of water, energy, communication should be effective. In order to deal with this complex issue, the study conducted by Gunnec

Business Ethics vs. Success in Modern Business Research Paper

telephone circuit Ethics vs. Success in Modern Business - Research Paper Exampleen rotting and success in crinkle in this research was retrieved from the university faculty, contemporary firms and graduate students of pedigree.The fundamental concept on which the term business ethics is based is that individuals should be held accountable for their practices in business. Businesses are at the strategic center of a civil society, and they have a stake in their communities (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004). In courtly terms, business ethics are thought of as drivers for successful business. In the modern age, companies and business entrepreneurs assess the effect of ethics on their individualistic and collective performances. A lot of studies have shown that unethical practices and decadence have been incurring the companies a cost worth billions of dollars every year. Such studies have portrayed a negative image of corruption and have emphasized upon the potential ways in whi ch the unethical business practices affect the brand image, value of shares and the overall profitability of the business (Maheshwary & Ganesh, 2006). Following the principles of ethics is very grievous for a companys success (Turner, 2006). I have always recognized that the object of business is to make money in an honorable manner (Cooper cited in Rajeev, 2011).Unethical business practices have traditionally caused a lot of damage to the business. However, not many business entrepreneurs are aware of the toxicity of such(prenominal) practices because the costs are often not obvious and come as overheads. Most of the costs of the unethical business practices are hidden. Since the business entrepreneurs can not call these hidden costs, they can only see the convenience that the unethical practices bring them. Thus, many of them are reluctant to abandon such practices. However, the harm caused by such practices is inevitable and is often borne by the society as a whole. For example , when an rock oil company discharges oil into the sea, it is the marine

Do school vouchers improve the quality of education Research Paper

Do school vouchers rectify the prime(a) of education - Research Paper Example. Non-voucher education systems compel guardians who take their children to private schools to double taxation, since they muted contribute to public schools funding. Generally, school vouchers atomic number 18 put in place to offset the cost incurred by families who choose to enroll their children to private schools that best fit their needs in a bid to improve their performance and case of education (Altidor, 2005, p.15). School vouchers were first introduced with the aim of improving the quality of both the primary(a) and secondary school education with regards to Milton Friedmans proposition in the 1950s. Parents and guardians seeking to provide high quality education for their children have contributed greatly to renewed interests in school vouchers. School voucher proposals seek to software documentation households that choose to enroll their children in private schools with vouchers from the g overnment to cover private school teaching costs either partly or fully. Arguments in support of the school voucher programs claim that through this program, households with are able to encourage educational systems competition that would go a long way in enhancing the quality of education that is being offered among the competing schools.Arguments in support of the school voucher place emphasis of aspects that suggests that students from low-income households who are enrolled in private schools have a higher probability of achieving higher performance levels on standardise tests unlike those in public schools.

Williams Presents Essay Example for Free

Williams Presents EssayEddie and paddy field were born(p) from the same m different Mrs. Johnston, plainly they earn extremely contrary lives. They were kindred twins they regard only the same. But Mrs. Lyons separated them and made them pass a different life. From then on, superstar of them, rice paddy stayed with Mrs. Johnston lives in a pornographic, woeful family and the other unrivaled who was drawn by Mrs. Lyons became actually full and got everything. They have been in a different world because of many factors surrounding them to rich or poor from the moment they have been born. I think the most influential factors are the family they have got and the family tell apartes different.The different kind and direct of fostering they have got did also influence them much. Also, the religion of the family is one of the factors that affect the life of the babe as comfortably. varied thing has different amount of influence to paddy field and Eddies life. I am going to discuss the factors one by one. The complaisant context is messy at the time between late 70s and early 80s that the sport was set. It is called recession. Margaret Thatcher is the Prime Minister she encouraged populate to make lots of money. As a result, the rich people in middle or upper class tail assembly earn much money simply the poor people in working class lost their jobs.Life is very hard for working class, as they determine poorer without a job. Mickeys family is suffered from this social climate. His family is poor. Unlike Eddie, his family is in middle class, he is rich. They have a great contrast in their life because the classes are different. Marilyn Monroe is the social icon of the day at that time. She is very glamorous, rich and she represents a life of fantasy. Everyone wants to be her. We love that from the book on p. 14, Act 1, stage setting 1, it give tongue to He told me I was sexier than Marilyn Monroe, which is about Mr. Johnston said h er wife was sexier, lovelier than Marilyn Monroe.It shows the value of that time. But that is what totally different from Mickey. Mickey is poor he dressed scruffy. He lives in council house and his family is working class. He does not have money to buy everything he wanted. But Eddie, he is rich, he has got new clothes, and he looks smart. He lives in private house and his family is middle class. They are exactly the same, but the way of living is really different with one of them is living in a rich environment and another lives in a poor world. This is how the classes different influence their life.The size and people in their family have also influenced them. Mickey has a big family with 7 brothers and sisters. The speech of the mother in p. 14, Act 1, Scene 1, told us about that. She said heptad hungry mouths to feed and one more nearly due. Mickey is the youngest in the family he has to fight for fare and everything with the elder brothers and sisters. Therefore, he needs to grow up fast and look tough to protect himself in case of beaten up by others. He also wants to his elder brother Sammy because he wants to get older so he can do everything he loves.We can see how much he wants to be Sammy in the book on p. 30, Act 2, Scene 1, he has repeated the sentences I hankering I was our Sammy. - for five times. He does everything Sammy did however, Sammy was not a good example for Mickey to learn. So Mickey becomes a joker and streetwise since he has got influenced by his brother Sammy. The family of Eddie, we know that he is the only child in his rich family and they are in middle class. He lives with his mum only most of his life. We dont know much about Eddies father because the book does not mention about him much.Mrs., Lyons, Eddies mother, loves her son very much. She gives him a good shelter, gives him everything he wanted. This makes very weak and soft and he will not know the chastisement of the working class since life is easy for him. Time ran through quick by dramatic devices in the book. We can see how much difference between Mickey and Eddie over a long period. At first, when they are born, they are not much different from each other in either class or education. But when they are at the age of 17, Mickey is dropped out from school and on the other side Eddie was going to University.Then, when they both go to work, Mickey loses his job and Eddie is the boss of a factory. The education level made them have such a big difference. Mickey is poor educated as he left school when he was 17. He was study in government school. Normally, there is nothing baffling to study in government school. But compare to Eddie, Eddie was study in private school, he was well educated. He could use a dictionary at the age of seven while Mickey do not even know what a dictionary is. We knew that from the conversation between Mickey and Eddie. Eddie said, I shall look it up in a dictionary. from p. 33, Act 2, Scene 2. From the speech of th e narrator at p. 56, Act 4, Scene 1, we know Mickey and Eddie are getting older as they are 18. This is the job of narrator to take us through time and speed things up. Eddies goes into a University straight after he left his college but at that time Mickey was already dropped out from the school and working in a factory. Then, Eddie got a job, which is the boss of the factory, straight after he finished his studying. By that time Eddie becomes really powerful and rich but the other one, Mickey, is just a worker in a factoryThey are identical twins but we can see how education makes them go into a different life. Superstition is one of the influences. Mrs. Johnston is very superstitious as we can see from the several events from the book. On p. 18, Act 1, Scene 3, Mrs. Lyons specify a pair of new shoes on the table then Mrs. Johnston saw it and tell her never do this. This is a superstition thinking that something had will happen to you, which you will never notice. This shows that Mrs. Johnston is superstitious. I moot that she believes in religion. And this makes Mickey kind of superstitious as well.He believes what blood brother is. On the other side, I dont think Mrs. Lyons has any religion at all. She does not respect Mrs. Johnston and always use the failing of Mrs. Johnston, that she is superstitious, to coerce her into doing something. At first Eddie does not believe any superstition things but Mickey influences him. He admires Mickey and everything Mickey does. He likes Mickey and wants Mickey likes him as well. On p. 32, Act2 2, Scene 2, we know Eddie gives sweets to Mickey. This reflected he is eager to please. Eddie used to dont know much about colloquial until Mickey told him.He thought everything Mickey said was smashing. And he believes that what Mrs. Johnston told her on p. 35, Act 2, Scene 2, about bogeyman. This shows that he is nai ve and innocent. In conclusion, I can divide the influences on the lives of Mickey and Eddie in four main sec tions. The differences between Mickey and Eddie in the family, the social class they are, the education they have and the religion of the family. They are identical twins but they have got a very different life, I think it is because these things that I have mentioned before influenced them.

Dr. Henry Jekyll (and Mr.Hyde) was born in to a society of morality, respectability and religion Essay Example for Free

Dr. Henry Jekyll (and Mr.Hyde) was born in to a society of morality, reputability and religion EssayDr. Henry Jekyll was born in to a society of morality, heedability and religion. It was believed that progress could scarcely be made if e rattling wholeness was self-disciplined and moralistic. Authors such as Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help guides. All this was aimed to help the rich get richer and the sad get poorer. In an age of stern, industrious hypocrites, respect was everything to the upper and pose classes. People denied themselves alcohol, gambling and whoredom to gain the respect of others. Jekyll refers to these denied as pleasures. People lived without these pleasures but soon began to wonder what they were missing. This brought about the slum adventurers. These were middle and upper class men who wanted to keep the respect of their society but, through anonymity, still bodge in the pleasures the poor slums had to offer. They would work by day in their offices and at night would journey tear down to the alleys of the slums.A person such as Mr Utterson, a London lawyer who does not wish to bollocks up in pleasures is of a vicarious reputation. It is noticed that though he enjoyed the theatre, he had not crossed the doors of one in twenty years. It is this vicariousness that helps him solve the case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Utterson is the opposite of Jekyll in the g all overnment agency that Utterson keeps the respectability of the Victorian society, whereas Jekyll rebels.The rebellious nature of Jekyll leads him to discover how to transform his appearance. Dr. Lanyon, a respectable conventional doctor of Victorian society frowns on Jekyll in general secret work, which he refers to as unscientific balderdash.In the beginning it is difficult for us to feel kind-heartedness for Dr. Jekyll he is acting by his own conscience. At this current stage, he is in no way addicted to Mr. Hyde. Even the sight of Mr. Hyde pale and dwarfish who gave the impression of deformity but with no nameable malformation, fit to Mr. Utterson, who had taken a loathing to my gentleman at first sight, should have world powerd Jekyll to recognise that Hyde was aversion.It is very difficult to feel good-will for Jekyll later on we are told about when Hyde trampled calmly over a boyish girls body. Normally after this event anyone else would have ceased his transformation into Hyde. But Jekyll starts to decease addicted to taking the drugs (as with current addictions) and continues to turn into Hyde even after trampling the girl. As if trampling the girl was not a overlarge enough deterrent Hyde brutally slaughters Sir Danvers Carew. Jekyll, knowing what had happened, easily accepts it and shifts the blame to Hyde. He shows this in Dr Jekylls full program line of the case, it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone that is guilty.The ease at which he accepts this and shifts the blame could almost be inhuman. But after he discovers that h e begins to change into Hyde spontaneously, without the drug we see he is very self centred and selfish, I must have stared upon it half a minuteI rushed to the mirror my blood was something exquisitely thin and icy. Even though Jekyll is selfish about this, not mentioning what a terrible thing that he made now controls. We send away feel some sympathy for knowing that he is trapped and at anytime Hyde might emerge over which Jekyll has no control. Alternatively we can have sympathy for a man that failed to have foreseen what would happen and halt the process as soon as possible. But he continued to satisfy his need for the pleasures which differently eluded him.It is also very difficult to feel sorry for someone who knows and remembers what happens, but does not take exertion to prevent it. My two natures had memory in common. Surely the memories of the girl and Carew should be disquietful enough to force any sane and humane person to put a stop to Hydes actions. Hyde goes in to hiding after Carews murder in fear of being hung, should he be caught. This removes a lot of the sympathy we may differently feel towards Jekyll at this point, as yet again he shows signs of being selfish and putting himself beforehand everyone else. Some of this sympathy is regained when he is in hiding, he begins to show genuine remorse for Carews death.In the financial statement of the case, Jekyll finally admits to Hydes evil by saying It was no longer the fear of the gallows, it was the horror of being Hyde that racked me. This shows that Jekyll has become altruistic. Jekyll has now begun to put himself after everyone. He now excepts the he must not let Hyde dispatch again for fear of him committing more evil. It is now we finally begin to feel sympathy and start to respect Jekyll for trying to put a stop to Hyde. Finally Jekyll commits suicide to save the world from the terror and evil Hyde could unleash. This gains him the greatest respect and sympathy. He took his lif e to save others from the extreme evil he had inadvertently created. He finally takes ultimate responsibility and puts a stop to Hyde.In conclusion I think that Jekyll was a victim of Victorian society where respect was everything. In some parts it is hard to offer our sympathy but his final act was one that one must respect and offer sympathy for the pain Jekyll went through. As we have seen restricting things from people can only bring out the bad stead of them, as Jekyll explains, My devil had been long caged, he came out roaring. Personal freedom is one of our greatest assets and one we take very much for granted.

The Economic Reality of Hybrid Vehicles Essay Example for Free

The Economic Reality of markization Vehicles stressThe superior price of plasholene at the pump has many Americans looking for alternates to their gunslinger powered vehicles. unity of the near popular option right now is a crossization vehicle. The question that comes to mind is, be hybrid vehicles worth it? With record high gas prices due to the price of oil, most auto owners forbidden on that point have major(ip) concerns over their gas usage. Over the past ten days, the cost of gaseous state has grown 250% The price of oil has doubled since January of this yr. The high prices of oil and gas is the driving factor for most of the people to trade their gas powered vehicles for hybrid vehicles.These vehicles promise to give consumers more gas mileage per g eitheron, the lawfulness is that altogether a few vehicles currently in the market actually make any mannikin of financial sense. There are quite a few disregards with buying hybrid vehicles, even with g as prices at more than $4 a gallon. First, these vehicles are much higher in price than their gas powered counter part so, the bountifulnesss attached to their price tags do not justify extra mileage that you get. In some cases car dealers are selling popular vehicles at much higher prices than MSRP.Second, at that place are no laws and regulations controlling the technology, price, and the mileage per gallon required out of these vehicles. Currently, there are hybrid vehicles in the market that offer an improvement of 3MPG to 18 MPG over their gas powered counterpart. This is a commodious range that emergencys to be controlled. Third, the demand of these vehicles is driving the prices of the vehicles even higher, if people knew that it would take many years for fuel nest egg to pay back the hybrid agio on many models, the demand on these models would be much lower, driving the prices down.The solutions that I would like to propose is the government to work with auto manufact urers to arrive a standard for hybrid vehicles. This standard should control the minimum mileage offered per gallon, and control the premium allowed to be charged by the manufacturers. There are vehicles in the market that offer hardly a peripheral benefit over the gas powered vehicles and and the manufacturers charge thousands of dollars premium. Background Today people all around the world are facing unusually high oil price hike ups.Oil has exit so very expensive that people are trying all kinds of extreme measures to lower the price. The hike in price has affected every nation the entire world is trying to find a way out of the soaring prices. Thanks to the oil prices, travel expenses have increased, not just passing being expensive, driving your own car is very expensive. The chart below shows a trend in oil prices since 1990 with some of the major events leading to this increase. Note that since January of 2007 the oil prices have increase by 162%.With high gas prices, hybrid cars are a more affordable option than ever in scathe of gas mileage, alone only a handful of hybrid cars make solid financial sense, and only for some consumers, according to a new study by NADAguides. com, a vehicle pricing and training website. Using current gas prices for ten major metropolitan areas, the company studied the number of miles needed to recoup the extra cost of buying a hybrid car over its gasoline-only counterpart.The study showed, for example, that a driver in Los Angeles, the city with the highest gas prices in the study, will barge in even about(predicate) 18 percent faster than a driver in Houston, the city with the lowest gas prices, assuming twain are driving the same miles. The study found that, even at todays high gas prices, only a handful of hybrid cars make financial sense for a consumer who buys a new car every five years or less and drives an average number of miles per year.Even at Los Angeles-area gas prices, there are only five hybrid cars that would allow consumers to recoup their additional investment in the lead they sold the car, assuming they drive an average of 15,000 miles per year. In order of shortest time to break even, they are 1. Toyota Camry Hybrid 2. Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 3. Nissan Altima Hybrid 4. Toyota Prius 5. Honda Civic Hybrid Following is a chart of the top five hybrid cars with the greatest return on investment and the number of miles to break even in 10 major metropolitan areas at current gas prices.Issue Even with gas prices at more than $4 per gallon, there are quite a few issues with buying hybrid vehicles. Issue 1 elevated Prices Hybrid vehicle prices are higher than their gas powered counterpart. The demand for these vehicles in the last year has increased a lot, increasing the prices even further. In some areas people are actually gainful premium over MSRP and waiting for more than two years to get some vehicles.The price premium attached to the hybrid vehicles are just too grea t to be considered a cost savings relative to purchasing their gasoline counterpart. If people knew how long it would take them to pay off the increased premium the demand for the hybrid would be lower than what it is now, decreasing the prices. Issue 2 High Prices The second issue with the hybrid vehicles is that there are no laws and regulations controlling the technology, price, and the mileage per gallon required out of these vehicles.Currently, there are hybrid vehicles in the market that offer an improvement of just a few miles per gallon over their gas powered counterpart, yet the manufacturers are charging thousands more for the premium for a so called hybrid technology. The table shows the amount of time it would take a buyer to offset the hybrid premium by fuel savings. The table also shows the miles per gallon and annual gas savings. These numbers clearly show the need to have some regulations to control the miles per gallon offered and the amount of premium that is charg ed by the manufacturers.Lets look at some vehicles Starting with the worst of the bunch, the Lexus LS600H. The premium charges on this vehicle is about $19,000, yet it only offers about 20 to 22 miles per gallon. It would take almost a century to break even. The near worst seems to be the Saturn Aura which only offers an annual gas savings of $171. The best one seems to Toyota Prius, but this car is so popular these days that in some areas there is a wait tilt of two years. In areas where its available, the dealers are charging more than $5,000 over MSRP.Solution ?Better education to customers about the ownership costs of a hybrid vehicle ? Government should offer incentives like tax break to buy hybrid vehicles ? Have a standard to develop hybrid vehicle to encourage bargain production, bringing the vehicle prices to even less than current gas-powered vehicles ? Force auto makers to sell hybrid vehicles at no more than, about 10%, premium to the customers ConclusionReference Web Site tailor-made Investing Group http//bespokeinvest. typepad. com/bespoke/.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Essay Example for Free

organizational Citizenship Behavior EssayHuman Resource Management (HRM) is delimit as the organisational function that focuses on recruiting, management, and the directing of the employees that die in the transcription. It also deals with compensation, accomplishance management, organization development, safety, tumesceness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. Even though the HR functions evolved, some things never change.Since most companies ordain always need the traditional HR functions such(prenominal) as hiring and firing employees, providing pay and benefits packages, training and developing the workforce, and dealing with employer employee conflicts. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a impression defined as the aline of additional activities that atomic number 18 beneficial to an organization and its employees. These activities argon non undeniable in a formal way that is, they ar not stated in a cond ense nor required by the confederation. OCB is commonly a behavior of employees towards their high society and vice versa.It is drop by that the organizations HRM plays a vital role in implementing OCB through creating a well-established kindred between the organization and the employees. Rousseau and Geller argued that this descents status is critical in the amount of OCB produced by employees where the go with must deliver starting line a few requirements. (cited in Morrison, 1996). Schuller states that each caller-ups HRM has a set of principles and values that are integrated in its overall philosophy, which includes a respectful treatment of its employees (cited in Morrison, 1996). tally to Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, how effective is an organization in nurseing that philosophy is related towards how much the employees feel appreciated in their work place and thusly related to the amount of OCB displayed (cited in Morrison, 1996). OCB is present in al l companies and sewer be considered a cycle. In fact, the HR de get outment encourages OCB through several fulfils, which pave the way to creating a healthy organizational ending where the company protects its employees who are devoted to their company.This report allow discuss OCB in Middle East Airlines (MEA) by taking a closer look at the employee company dealinghip and the company employee relationship. Literature fall over on Organization Citizenship Behavior How Companies Encourage OCB In order for employees to work on achieving OCB, the human imaging management has to work on some issues to help encourage each individual to participate in developing the company.The management must ensure that several things should be well through with(p) Social Exchange, ldentification with Organizational Objectives, Empowerment, Selection and Socialization, Evaluation and Rewards, Rules and Job Descriptions. In an organization, Blau identified 2 types of relationships that tie th e management and the employees together the sparing relationship and the social relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). Konovsky and Pugh analysis states that it is more(prenominal) likely for employees to perform OCB under in effect(p) social conditions than sparing (cited in Morrison, 1996).Organ claims that this fact is due to several reasons First, social relationships allow employees to accommodate feelings of mutual trust with the organization and they will build long-term relationships with the management. This will encourage employees to help prove the image of their company by practicing OCB. Second, the social relationship is one that is ambiguously defined, that is it does not see clear boundaries therefore employees will more likely include certain citizenship acts in their job tasks (cited in Morrison, 1996).The denomination of the employees with the organizational objectives is crucial for achieving OCB. That is because each individual will adopt and familiariz e with the values and principles of the company, and hence depart a part of its system, which will give a feeling of belonging and an encouragement for being part of the approach of the company. For employees to achieve OCB, Conger and Kanungo see that they must be first willing to do so, and that is by being encouraged and empowered (cited in Morrison, 1996).Bowen and Lawler claim that many benefits are generated as a forget of empowerment. First, it will shorten the time of response of employees to serve their customers. Second, the relationship between the employees and the customers will be more enthusiastic and kind. Third, it will allow the employees to be more innovative and generate ideas for the benefit of the company (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is the first phase of the entrance of an employee into a company.During this stage, Shore and Tetrick claim that each individual becomes aware(p) of the job responsibilities in his field. Also, it is through this stage that the company indicates to the employee the responsibilities that the company has towards him as well, such as security, progress and training hence it identifies a two-way relationship. This will lead to a feeling of respect and enliven from the other party, which will lead to employees achieving OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996).Selection is also important in what is referred to by Chatman as person-organization fit by learning almost the organizations objectives, the employee becomes aware that he or she will be chosen not solely for their job qualification, but for their compatibility with the work environment as well (cited in Morrison, 1996). Socialization as defined by Van Maanen and Schein is when the company prepares the new employees with the set of knowledge, approaches, and behaviors that they should apply in order to fit into their roles (cited in Morrison, 1996).Similar to selection, socialization is about showing the new employee that the relationship with the organ ization is based on social exchange. This merchantman be clarified through such processes as orientation that holds in spite of appearance it more value than it shows. Chatman claims that socialization also familiarizes the employees with the companys objectives and values not to mention that it plays a vital part in the empowerment process. (cited in Morrison, 1996). There are two radicals stated by Jones in applying socialization.The first is a highly institutionalized one where the new employees are separated and offered a common learning program. The second end is highly individualized, where employees are left on their own to engage in informal relationships with their fellow employees and to have self-learning experiences. There is however one prejudice to socialization when the objectives are clearly defined for employees, they tend to perform solely what they were expected to (cited in Morrison, 1996). Therefore, a company that seeks employee OCB will tend to have a more individualized socialization.OCB by definition includes the set of actions performed by employees that are not asked by management, therefore it is not directly rewarded. Thus, to encourage employees into applying this behavior, OReilly and Chatman believe that the company should employ indirect means that will encourage them to do so. That can be done by giving a reward to the organizations performance as a whole. This will be helpful in two ways first, it will further familiarize the employees with the companys objectives and this way they will tend to act more upon achieving those goals through citizenship behavior.Second, by giving an award for the wide-cut companys performance, the organization will indirectly inform the employees that their job goes beyond what is clearly qualify and limited into a certain role or department (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Bowen, Siehl, and Schneider, when the company imposes a high number of rules and regulation, it is throttle an d discouraging the employees ability to perform tasks outside their field of work, therefore limiting the OCB that can be achieved in that organization.A high number of rules will clearly define the limits of the economic exchange relationship between the employees and their company which will diminish their will to achieve OCB by ascertain exactly what the employees are asked to do and not to do and preventing them from engaging in any other action that is indirectly rewarded even if it benefits the company as a whole. Hence, in order for employees to want to perform citizenship behavior, the company must thin out its rules and thus create a social exchange relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). corresponding rules and regulations, if a company describes the employees job in a very precise and narrow matter, it will reduce according to Bowen and Lawler the citizenship behavior applied by its subordinates. Employees will then have extremely well defined tasks to perform with no r egard to any other company-wide actions. That way the exchange relationship between employee and company will more likely to be economic, not to mention that it reduces empowerment by limiting the resources need by employees such as knowledge and skills to taking action towards OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). How Employees Exercise OCBTo achieve organizational citizenship behavior, employees must practice different means. First, as Organ defines it, helping behavior is critical and evident in creating inter-employee relationships. Such behavior can be noted in the simplest acts such as when an employee assists his co-worker when the last mentioned(prenominal)(prenominal) is overstrained with his paperwork or any other task being done. Second, according to Organ as well, sportsmanship, another property of OCB, is the ability to accept criticism and unfortunate events in the company without complaints, verbal or written.Consider a meeting for a marketing idea where employees are bra instorming. When the group rejects someones idea and the latter accepts that without being offended, he/she is considered to have a sense of sportsmanship. Third, organizational loyalty is a major concept when it comes to having a constructive organizational culture. This is evident whereby when employees are loyal to their company, they would feel safer and more content about the workplace and the organizations culture. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) Individual initiative, a fourth aspect of OCB, is represented in taking on additional responsibilities and engaging in task-improving actions without being asked to do so.This also includes encouraging others to do so, which helps the company as a whole improve. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) An example is when an employee suggests to adopt a new method of performing a task, which he/she knows will improve the way things s done. Related to this is self-development, which is yet another dimension of OCB. A ccording to George and Brief, self-development pertains to voluntarily engaging in development courses that are not required from the company in the test of improving ones skills and broadening ones knowledge. (Cited in Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) For instance, an employee could learn about future seminars and training sessions and inform his colleagues of their dates.A different aspect of OCB is civic virtue, which can be defined as a commitment to the organization as a whole. This takes place through engaging in organisation the organization indirectly, looking out for its best interest, and protecting it from threats. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) A simple example of this is turning off the lights after having used the restroom. Similar to this is organizational compliance, the last dimension of OCB, which is when an employee complies with the company rules and regulations whether or not the latter is being monitored. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Pa ine, Bachrach, 2000)Returning to work right after having finished the permitted lunch break is an example of organizational compliance. It is crucial to note that all these behavioral aspects of organizational citizenship behavior are not part of the work contract or job description. Factors that diminish OCB Several factors antecede and affect organizational citizenship behavior. Such factors can be set into four basic categories employee characteristics, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and leadership behaviors.The influence of these categories on OCB can be either positive or negative. It is evident that OCB is present in all companies, whether on a noticeable scale or an imperceptible one. This report will be depicting the negative relations between OCB and its antecedents, whereby, according to studies done in a meta-analysis by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, and Bachrach, it has been found that organizational and task characteristics have little impact on O CB relative to individual and leadership behaviors which have greater impact on OCB.Employee or individual characteristics affect the presence of OCB and how much the latter contributes to building a constructive organizational culture. Taking two extremes, one can consider an employee who is indifferent of his/her companys interest. The latter would sure not engage in activities pertaining to civic virtue, thus not exercising good citizenship behavior. The other extreme is an employee who is very concerned about the companys interest and always seeks to attain goals that hold the companys benefit.Such employee is more likely to be engaged in the different dimensions of citizenship behavior. To go impale to the bigger image, an employees characteristics help in determining how well OCB is exercised in an organization. Indeed, it is found that the existence of OCB cast ups with the increase of employee loyalty and concern to the organization, and decreases with indifference to the greater benefit of the company and the rewards granted for good citizenship behavior. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, Bachrach, 2000) Leadership behaviors are quite correlated to the presence of citizenship behavior in an organization. According to another meta-analysis reported by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer in 1996, leadership behaviors are mostly positively related to OCB, whereby most leaders reward citizenship behavior within performance in general, which increases such behavior in the company as employees are aware of such rewards.The only negative leadership behaviors are contingent and non-contingent punishment behavior as well as leader specification of procedures. This is due to the fact that employees feel confused as to why leaders perform contingent punishment, thereby decreasing their citizenship behavior. Non-contingent punishment is a discouraging factor by itself, which makes it obvious why it negatively affects OCB in an organization.

Probation and Life in Prison Essay Example for Free

Probation and living in Prison EssayProbationIn the early days of our country, severe punishments were a great deal meted extinct with lesser regard to the seriousness of the offense. there was no such thing as being sentenced to probation in the eighteenth century. The concept of probation, or giving a convicted criminal a chance to redeem himself with break serving period in prison, was first introduced in 1841 by John Augustus. In August of that year, Augustus decided to try a radical approach with a man convicted of being drunk and disorderly. The man swore to Augustus that he would change his shipway if only he did not gift to serve time in the House of Correction. Augustus believed the man and he posted bail. Augustus went on to help others in the alike fashion and eventu anyy became regarded a private nonsuch and guardian of men convicted of crime (Friedman, 1993, 162). Massachusetts was the first state to formally recognize this option in criminal sentencing in 1878 with the remaining states fol downcasting suit throughout the rest of the century and onto into the early bulge out of the 1900s.It would take some fine-tuning to bring probation up to its current standards. Early probation officers enjoyed no formal training and some(prenominal) states were without prerequi invests for passing this form of sentencing. In the early years, probation was often given in exchange for a unlawful plea most often to married men, those who held production lines and exhibited no app bent vices. Judges utilize the sentence of probation prodigiously for several decades.It was only in the 1980s, when the public clato a greater extentd for stiffer penalties, that probation lost favor. In 1986, only 28% of male felony defendants were awarded probation as comp ard to nearly half of those convicted in 1970 (Friedman, 1993, 409). Probation initially became popular as the thrust of the legal outline shifted from centering on the what (the crime) to the w ho (the criminal) and how to best reform the offender (Friedman, 1993, 168). More recently, the focus has become a bit much equally fixed on both preventing the crime and rehabilitation of the criminal.Today, offenders on probation are closely monitored by correctional officers through surveillance in the club. Often, some sort of restitution is also obscure with the design of making the offender accountable and responsible in order to rejoin the community without potential march on risk (J whizs, 2). This option allows the offender to serve a sentence under house arrest and carry through abreast a job rather than be integrated into the prison system, which is already strained to its limit. The level of inadvertence varies based on the crime committed. For those convicted of drug charges, a more constant monitoring system is used, often electronic. Another alternative is to use a combination of prison time and work release/community service (Jones, 3).Probation is often use d as a condition of plea bargaining for a lesser sentence in exchange for information or a guilty plea. Plea bargaining came about(predicate) as a quick, and cheap way, to move defendants through the legal system and probation helps to keep minor criminals out of jail.The concept of probation has evolved in many ways since its inception in the 1800s but it still incorporates the underlying idea of giving a convicted criminal a degree of trust.Prison Life Comparison and rail line with Life in General SocietyAccording to the dictionary, the definition of a prison is A sharpen for the confinement of persons in lawful detention, especially persons convicted of crimes a place or condition of confinement or forcible restraint or a state of imprisonment or captivity. Prisons first came about as a means of correctional punishment. In colonial generation, punishment was often a way to humble the criminal in public putting someone in prison did not fetch the same effect as putting him or her out in public view to submit to commiseration and scorn. When prison was used for sentencing, jail terms were planetaryly short and in most cases less than 30 days. It was not until the 1800s that prisons were built in more abundance and courts used them for sentencing on a ceaseless basis.Today prison systems vary widely according to level of security and the state in which they are located. The aim of each and every one is still the same, however, and that is to deprive a convicted criminal of freedom.For a prisoner there is no freedom of choice. He is told when to wake up in the morning, when it is meal time, when to work, when to exercise, when to go to bed. thither are no nutrition choices or menus and the prisoner must either eat what is given him or go hungry. No comforts of home await him in his cellular phoneular phone the prisoner is lucky to be able to have a selection of books and perhaps a photo or two to keep him company. At night, crystalizes are turned off at a particular time. Cell checks can be performed at any time of night or day.There is no privacy for bathing or bodily functions. The prisoner is unable to have any items that are not approved by the system. He also has no choice regarding a cell mate unless undue violence forces a cell change. Most prisons do not allow televisions or even radios as forms of entertainment even when they are allowed there is no satellite or cable attached and no choice of programmeming. The work program is enforced in many prisons with prisoners being allocated to do jobs that benefit the community or provide food or clothing for the system. Any luxury items must be earned and paid for with pitifully low wages.In comparison, life in general society is full of choices. As a free citizen, muckle in this country are allowed to choose where they live, where they work, what they eat and what they do. There are no proscribed times in which they are forced to do anything and if they are unhappy at their job, they are allowed to quit and drive work elsewhere.The times in which free citizens awaken in the morning and go to bed at night are at their own discretion if someone wishes to never turn out the light and stay up all night, he may do so. He has the ability to go out and purchase items at will, as needed or desired. The private citizen can choose to live as he wants whether that be in clean or messy surroundings, in a house fill with knick knacks and furniture or a more austere setting. Entertainment options abound. In short, nothing short of felonious activity is prohibited for a free citizen.Whether in prison or out in general society, there are still rules made by our national and state governments to be abided by and morality which govern our actions. In prison it is more closely monitored while in general society citizens do not warrant such close supervision. As well, people in either situation must earn what they have. Loss of freedom is the biggest difference b etween living in prison or living outside.Contrast and Comparison of atomic number 31 and Florida State PrisonsIn the Georgia state prison system, the dormitories shown are used for housing groups of prisoners who require minimal security. Rows of bunk beds are stacked two high and furnished with a thin blanket and pillow. A box beneath the bunk is the only place for personal items. The lighting is industrial and the flooring is utilitarian and easy to keep clean. It is surprising that there is a wide arena of windows. Other than the addition of appliances and counters, the prison kitchen looks much the same as the dormitory. It looks to be well stocked, much as a large commercial kitchen might be furnished. The health intake area is set up like a school room with rows of small wooden desks headed by a larger desk do work by a prison employee.The state of Georgias correctional system offers a gush camp, a diversion center, probation detention, and transitional centers in addit ion to the state prisons. The state runs several farms, which provide all the food for the prisoners incarcerated at the low cost of $1.51 per prisoner per day.The Florida state prisons use a traditional cell configuration built in two stories overlooking a central corridor as well as the dormitory concept. According to the website, most of the Florida correctional facilities use dorm housing. The bunks in these dorms are not stacked but are situated individually in rows. A row of small, high windows lines one circumvent while fluorescent lighting illuminates the area.Cells house either one or two men and have two cots that pull down from the wall with a thin blanket and pillow on each. There is one small window in the exterior wall and a narrow door. A make up and open toilet are the only other furnishings. Death row cells are even more sparse and small with a total size of 6 x 9 x 9.5. They have no window and a barred entrance. Death row cells are configured for only one person. The majority of inmates in the Florida state correctional system are enrolled in either a amount of money abuse program, a vocational education or adult education program. They also participate in Prison Rehabilitative Industries and Diversified Enterprises or Prison Industry Enhancement work programs. Inmates also uprise some of their own food and both prison systems seem to be doing a good job of keeping food costs down through farming their own vegetables.The two prison systems are similar in their housing set ups. Cells and dormitories are sparse and barren. Both systems require prisoners to be involved in production of the food used within the facilities and offer work programs. Both Florida and Georgias state systems offer probation and transitionary facilities.The Florida state correctional system has more programs available and more options for rehabilitation of prisoners. The Georgia system seems to offer more minimal security facilities although they did not have a virtu al preventive of anything other than dormitories posted on their website and they most certainly house death row inmates. Georgias website is set up more for the convenience of family members of those incarcerated while the Florida website focuses more on the hard facts of prison life as a deterrence measure.While both states offer model facilities for incarceration of criminals, neither system looks particularly inviting or homey.ReferencesFriedman, Lawrence M (1993). Crime and Punishment in American History. New York HarperCollins Publishers.Jones, Calvin. Alternatives to Standard Methods of imprisonment. Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from the FDOLE Web siteVirtual Prison Tour. Georgia Department of Corrections. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from the GDOC Web site http//www.dcor.state.ga.us/AboutGDC/VRTour.html.

English Language Essay Example for Free

side of meat Language Essayside is the universal language thus, the get for its mastery is a must. Its diverse concepts need be learned in detail so that the communication between two conversing parties could be make in an efficient and effective manner. In achieving this end, my English authorship teacher has greatly contributed to my learning of the intricacies of the English language. This English piece class under my teacher was the exceed class I attended so far. It was a very engaging class where everyone had the chance to interact with each other academically thus, everyone meliorate intellectually at the same pace. My teacher enthusiastically elaborates on certain aspects of a lesson which I had impediment comprehending the assignments were excellently explained as well as the giving of lecture instructions. Some instructions in the writing class were complicated, but my teacher took meticulous efforts to simplify these into easily comprehensible lessons. I took g reat occupy in writing essays because I knew that my teacher grades them honestly and fairly hence, this en equald mo to appraise my standing in class and to improve on other facets of writing in which I am non in particular good at. I learned a lot under my teachers tutelage not only academically, but also on those that pertain to life outside the portals of the academic institution. A lesson that reverberates in my mind is that we should do our best in everything that we do. I learned this particular lesson when I wasnt able to get a good grade for one of my essays thus, I have to always do my best in every essay that I write. Eventually my perseverance paid off, I got good grades for my concomitant essays. English writing is not at all that complex if someone is there to assist you in your endeavor to learn the English language. The right person for the job is a first-rate English writing teacher.

Poem Comparing Essay Example for Free

Poem Comparing Es regulateGood evening Mr. Georges and logger classmates, I have researched slightly 2 numberss and made a comparison between the two. Im here today to talk to you about them and descry what you think at the end of the speech. The two poems I researched were (on the sea, reason John Keats) and (sea fever, author John Masefield). as you send a guidance see from the title of the poems that they ar bot about the sea provided dont be confused, theyre both completely different stories. both(prenominal) of these poems talk about the sea, they argon both referring to the sea as a mankind and identifying it in a benevolent characteristic kind of way. As we burn see along the sonnet (on the sea), the author uses scathe as uproar rude, mighty swell, caverns, and vexed, desolate shores. He also mentions The Greco-Roman goddess Hecate associated with magic and the cracked. This is referring to the sea and how ruthless it can be.This poem deals with nature, foc using on its wild and violent side. This poem also reflects on human actions. The poem is comparing the nature with the human being, because we can also get wild and violent. It seems a check of the alienation of the human being -above all when living and working in big cities. So the author may be calling our attention the speaker of the poem addresses to us (Oh ye) -And giving us a piece of advice- not to underestimate nature.John Masefields poem Sea febrility is a work of artistic production that brings beauty to the English oral communication through its use of rhythm, imagery and many complex figures of speech. The imagery in Sea Fever suggests an adventurous ocean that appeals to all five senses. Along with an adventurous ocean, Sea Fever also sets a mood of freedom through imagery of traveling gypsies.These poems both use a rhythmic tone in their stanzas. In the sonnet sea fever lines 3 and four, it uses rhythmic spoken language, these lines say And the wheels kick and the winds song and the white sails shaking, And a grey mist on the seas face, and a grey dawn breaking These are just two lines in the poem provided if you actually read the poem you can see examples of rhyme throughout the whole poem.In the sonnet On the sea examples of rhythmic language can be found in the lines 4 and 5, these lines say Of Hecate leaves them their old shadowy sound, Often tis in such gentle temper found and as in the first sonnet, this sonnet also has rhythmic language throughout the whole poem.These poems also have their differences they each talk about the sea but in a different perception. The sonnet, (on the sea), dialog about the sea and how angry it can be, it is comparing the sea with human actions and is warning the humans to be careful of the nature. It talks about the Greco-Roman goddess Hecate associated with magic and the wild. I venerate if the author is referring to something that happened to his life that made him so angry to write this poem, wh at do you think it could be?The source uses language techniques like Personification, Capitalisation and rhyme. He personifies the Sea in line 5 by motto it has a gentle temper. The author uses capitalization for the word Sea which guesss me believe that he was trying to make the subject of the poem a human. He uses Rhyme throughout the whole poem and it does make the poem seem more interesting to read.The sonnet (sea fever) is completely opposite to the sonnet (on the sea) because sea fever talks about the sea but it talks about a sailor and how he just cant wait to get on a ship and sail into the sea. This poem talks about a sailor who is very excited to go out to sea, he wants adventure, and he wants a wild journey into the ocean living the vagrant gypsy life. The author refers to the sea as a plate to this sailor unlike the sonnet (on the sea) which refers to the sea as a wild, dangerous and ruthless place.The author uses language techniques like Metaphors, emotive language and Repetition. Examples of Metaphors used in this poem are (sea and the sky) line 1, (star to steer) line 2, (and gulls way and the whales way where the winds like a whetted knife) line 10. Examples of Emotive language used in this poem are (to the lonely sea and the sky) line 1 (and the sea gulls crying) line 8. An example of repletion is that he starts all(prenominal) stanza with the sentence (I must go down to the seas again).So in conclusion these poems are similar but different in many ways, and like me and you each of them has their ups and downs. They both talk about the sea but each in a different perception. Thanks for listening to my speech and I hope you gained a little information from me today.

Three Fundamental Concepts of Economics Essay Example for Free

Three Fundamental Concepts of Economics Essay1. Hu spell hopes. Two characteristics of gentle wants possess huge importance in their bearing upon the production and consumption of wealth. First, there seems to be no limit to the number of wants of which a human creation is capable. This is one reason why most concourse find saving so difcult whatsoever growth of income is speedily outdistanced by the growth of wants. This characteristic to a fault ex-plains why a general overproduction of wealth is im executable there may be excessively often of one thing but not too much of in each(prenominal) things. It also bank notes for the al-most innumerous variety of goods found in the foodstuffs of each modern-day city.Second, the continued gratification of each(prenominal) single want finally leads to satiety and may become even tedious and irksome. It is a wellspring-known fact of cursory life that all pleasure loses its zest if indulged in too long. 2. Law of dimi nishing utility. The fact that we communicate less and less satisfaction out of the continued gratification of some(prenominal) single want is so important that it is laid down as a fundamental proposition and is known as the jurisprudence of diminishing utility. It may be stated as fol pathetics The intensity of any utility, or of a mans rely for any good, tends to eliminate as he consumes successive units of it.This law doubtless has both a physiologic and a psychological basis. Sports weary real muscles and finally cease to give pleasure. The hungry man gets undischarged satisfaction out of the first few minutes of his dinner, but his enjoyment of the meal soon begins to decline. A man who is already the owner of a silk hat, is not prof theatrical rolely grateful if a maven sends him a second silk hat as a Christmas gift, and if he gets a third on his next birthday he de variance probably look at it gloomily and wonder if he has some friend or relative whose head it wil l fit, for to him it is only a nuisance.This principle of diminishing utility applies with variable force in the case of different denominations and different men. In the case of the silk hat, the utility declines very promptly as the hang on is amplificationd. In the case of shirts the decline will be much less rapid. To the man who has only one shirt it will possess very great utility he will prize it much more than he would any one shirt if he had twelve in his bureau drawer. It may be said that up to a real point there is possible an increase in the supply of any commodity in our possession without any appreciable decline in its utility.We want a certain number of suits of clothes and a house with a certain number of rooms. Additional clothing and additional space in our house would be only a burden, something to be cared for but not wanted. Bread, potatoes and beans are nourishing. Potatoes and beans in ordinary times are cheap. If the human pass would be satisfied with such food, the population of the earth might be doubled and yet all be well fed but we look at variety in food and would protest modishly if the same rations were placed before us day after day. . The law of look at and supply. Every personal credit line man knows that the abide by or terms of any word depends upon the learn for and supply of it. The law of demand and supply may be briefly stated as follows The value or grade of any article tends to vary directly with the demand and inversely with the supply increasing or declining as the demand increases or declines, but tending to rise as the sup-ply declines and to fall as the supply increases. The reader essential not think of this law as a complete explanation of value.It is not in any sense a theory of value. It solely states in general terms a truth well known to all men familiar with the operations of trade and industry. If we analyze this law we run up against some difficult questions. What is meant by demand? Wh y does the value rise when the demand increases? Why does the value tend to fall when the supply increases? We find also that there is a curious interaction surrounded by value on the one hand and demand and supply on the other.If the footing of an article is scorned, we shine that the demand for it tends to increase and that at the same time the supply tends to decrease. We will not undertake to discourse all these problems in this chapter, but will be satisfied with an examination of the terms demand and supply. 4. compendium of demand. The desire for a commodity is not in itself an economic demand for it. No matter how much a man may want an automobile, his desire can feel no effect upon the prices or value of automobiles unless be has the undeniable means of payment.Desire must be accompanied by the necessary purchasing power before it can become economic or effective demand, or have any influence in the market. The second point to notice in connection with demand is tha t it varies with the price. For example, if the price of automobiles and. the cost of operation could be cut one-half, there would undoubtedly be a great increase in the demand for automobiles and more more cars would, be made and sold. On the other hand, if any conditions fount the prices of automobiles and gasolene to be advanced, the tendency will be toward a weaker demand and smaller barters.Hence when we speak of the demand for any article, manifestly we must always have in mind a certain price, for the demand varies with the price. There is only one way of measuring the demand for an article at any given price, and that is by the quantity of it which is sold at that price. That shows how many people are willing to spoil at such a price. Hence it is possible for us to define demand as being the amount of goods which people are willing to take at a given price. 5. Analysis of supply. The excogitate supply as commonly used includes the entire stock of goods within reach of the market, but economists use it in a stricter sense, meaning by it only that portion of the entire stock which is actually offered for sale at a given price. The entire stock of wheat, for example, in a country might be 500,000 bushels and the price $2. If only 100,000 bushels were offered for sale, that would be the economic or effective supply at that price, and if 100,000 bushels were sold at that price, that would constitute also the economic demand.Thus in our analysis of demand and supply, we find that at any particular time and price they are measured by the same quantity of goods. This conclusion is not remarkable, for a mans purchasing power depends upon the goods he possesses, plus his credit or borrowing power which in turn depends on his power to produce in the future. How he shall use it is determined by his wants. A farmer going to market with 10 bushels of potatoes, intending to sell them and purchase groceries with the proceeds, is increasing the supply of potatoes in the market and the demand for certain groceries.To the buyers of potatoes his load constitutes an addition to the sup-ply, but to the grocer it represents a demand for certain groceries. Money is merely the medium by which the exchanges are effected the economic demand for goods is the goods that are in the buyers possession. In modern business the buyer always goes to market equipped with money or credit, and this he has obtained either by the production of goods or by the performance of valuable services. 6. Potential demand and supply. That part of the stock of an article which is not offered for sale at a given price is sometimes called the potential sup-ply.When would-be buyers of an article are not quite satisfied with the present price and use back for a lower price, this is referred to as the potential demand. Dealers in any article when determining what price they may hope for by nature take into account,, so far as possible, the intensity of the potential demand and the amount of the potential supply. The great enlargement of cold storage and ware-housing facilities in recent years has made the potential supply of many commodities exceedingly important.The thrifty farmer is no longer compelled to market all his eggs. in the spring and summer, nor all his potatoes and grain crops in the fall. In normal times this withholding of foodstuffs from the market, so that they are not part of the effective supply, tends, first toward the steadying of prices and, second toward the lowering of prices, for the farmer, his profits being larger and more secure, is bear on to an increase of production. In this book we shall use,the words demand and supply in the sense given them rdinarily by business men, meaning by supply the goods in the market seeking a purchaser, and by demand the quantity of goods which people will buy at or near any given price. 7. The value equation. Any business man knows that the price or value of an article tends to rise when-ever t he demand for it at the existing price is in excess of the supply offered for sale at that price and conversely that the price of an article is likely to decline whenever the supply offered at the existing price is greater than the demand.It is conditions of this sort which account for the zigzagging of prices in the speculative markets. In the worlds great exchanges, where the prices of certain basic commodities are fixed, the traders give consideration to all possible circumstances that may affect the present or future demand or supply of the article in which they are trading. A drought in Argentina may fore-shadow a fall supply of wheat and cause traders to bid a higher price for it, or storms in Kansas and northeastward may threaten the corn crop and bring on a rise in the price both of corn and of pork.At any given time there are in any market a number of men more or less anxious to buy a certain commodity and others who wish to sell. If the sellers are asking too high a price , certain buyers hold off and all the stock cannot be sold. On the other hand, if they should offer their goods at too low a price, the demand would exceed the supply, certain buyers would get all they wanted and others would be disappointed.