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Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essays

Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essays Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essay Improving Educational Status in Laribanga Essay The report presents a clear account of all the aspect of the problems or constraints and opportunities or potentials of Laribanga community. It is a combination of both written and oral information from reliable source to produce this document. This report is categorized in seven units namely:Brief presentation of the updated community profile, community problems and potentials emanating from the community profile ,analysis of community needs and aspiration ,analysis of demands and potentials of the private sector ,NGO’s and CBO’s in the community, identification of community development issues, community SWOT /POCC analysis of the community development issues identified and development intervention(proposal write up). It seeks to expose the development problems and potentials of the community. PRESENTATIONThe community profile of Laribanga in the Zabzugu District of Northern Region prepared by GROUP 424 and presented to the coordinating committee of the third trimester field practical program (TTFPP) of the University for Development Studies (UDS). This is a prior segment of the two stages of the field practical program geared towards the partial fulfillment to the award of Bachelor of Arts and Science Degree or Diploma. NAME OF STUDENTS| IDENTITY NUMBER| EZEKIEL ATUGUBA ATAMBIRE| IMS/0283/10| AMPONSAH BARBARA| IMS/0202/10| ACHEAW EMMANUEL| IBS/0674/10| MENSAH ODUM BRIGHT | DMS/0328/10|YAKUBU IKIMA| DMS/0420/10| BA-INGE FELICIA| DBS/0084/10| MIKADO DESMOND| IDS/8530/10| LAMBERT MBUN AYAMBILLA| RES/0259/10| KUUWAABU FRED| CN/1075/10| AKOTO EDEM EUGENE| FMS/0087/10| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project work could not have ended successfully without a support. Our first and foremost thanks go to the Almighty God for his spiritual protection and guidance throughout our stay in the community. Since no achievement can be made in life without the help of many known and unknown individuals contributing directly or indirectly, the group is highly indebted to the following people. Our Co-ordinator Mr.Lolig Victor and other co-ordinating committee members of UDS and the acting Chief of Laribanga; Naa Alidu Haruna and his elders. Our second thanks go to MOFA (Zabzugu District Assembly), the Assemblyman of Laribanga Hon. Saaka Aminu. To our Landlords, contact persons; we say a big thank you for your support and hospitality. Finally, the group will be ungrateful if we fail to appreciate the time, support and service of the community members and to all who made it possible to contribute their quota either directly or indirectly but their names were not mentioned, we say God richly bless you TABLE OF CONTENT i. Preface ii.Presentation iii. Acknowledgement iv. Table of Content iv. Executive Summary v. Introduction vi. Main Body 1. Brief Presentation of the updated community profile 2. 1. Natural Resource and Environment 2. 2. Population Characteristics 2. 3. Social Development 2. 4. Economic Development 2. 5. Historical and Local governance 2. 0Community Problems and Potentials emanating from the community profile 2. 1 Natural Resource and Environment 2. 2 Population Characteristics 2. 3 Social Development 2. 4 Economic Development 2. 5 Historical and Local governance 3. 0 Analysis of community needs and aspirations . 0 Analysis of Demands and Potentials of Private sector, NGO’s and CBO’s in the community. 5. 0 Identification of community development issues 6. 0 Community SWOT/POCC analysis of the community development issues identified 7. 0 Development interventions (Proposal write up). 7. 1 Justification of prioritized development intervention 7. 2 Goal 7. 3 Objectives 7. 4 Operationalization of the proposal 7. 5 Budget 7. 6 Sustainability issues Conclusion Recommendation(s) Appendix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is the executive research findings obtained in Laribanga community by GROUP 424 students on their TTFPP.The report emphasizes on the aims and objectives of the research methodology, key findings, conclusion and recommendation. The Objectives of the research are to present and discuss the developmental problems and potentials emanating from the community, to give the avenue for review and update of the developmental problems and opportunities of the community members, to solicit views from the community members about the appropriate interventions of the problems of the community, the research is also to develop a proposal or development plan for the community.Some research methodologies used in the research are key informants interviews (used to questions persons about the developmental problems of the community), transect walk (used to examine the environmental settings of the comm unity), random sampling (this is used to ascertain information from the community members concerning updates on population and education), and secondary data (this was employed by the group to enable us acquire information from the District capital). The research also brought up certain key findings in the community.The active lab our force serves as a great potential to the community and the nature of the soil is suitable for agriculture activities such as farming and rearing of farm animals. Also illiteracy rate is high in the community and this militates the development of the community and low technical know increase in population can cause inversion of new technology.PROBLEMS The high labour force does not reflect into high productivity due to the insufficient educational facilities specifically vocational and technical institutions in the community which would have equipped the people with the necessary skills that could be used to develop the community. Poor ventilation due t o the structure of building found in the community. High dependency ratio 2. 3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT The presence of boreholes serves as a source of water for the community. The road serves as transportation for easy transfer of food stuff and other logistics from the community to other places. PROBLEMS There are always health problems in the community since there is no health care centre in the community. The absence of communication channels pose difficulties during the dissimilation of information from the community to the district level and vice versa 2. 4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS Since farming is the main occupation in the community, if given the necessary support from government and NGOs can lead to high productivity in the community. If the local industries in the community such as the sheabutter, kulikuli making, blacksmithing and the rest, if given the necessary support can produce in large scale. The practice system of farming in the community makes way for the use of animal waste to enrich the soil for farming. PROBLEMS Lack of modern storage facilities, keeping farming to the traditional forms of storing farm products No support from government agencies and NGOs. Inadequate funds to produce on large scale. 2. 5 HISTORICAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE POTENTIALS There is mutual co-operation among the Paramount Chief and the divisional chiefs as well as the chief and assembly member in the Laribanga community. The NGOs can establish industries in the community due to nature of the land 3.ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS After a meeting with the community, a number of needs and aspirations were identified. The needs and aspirations are; Low level of education No access to electricity Poor road network Agriculture input and machinery Insufficient potable water NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS| NUMBER| SCORE| RANKING| | | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | Low level of education| 1| 6| -| 4| 2| 3| 15| 1st| Poor road network| 2| 2| 2| -| 3| 2| 9| 3rd| No access to electrici ty| 3| 4| 2| 4| 2| -| 12| 2nd| Insufficient portable water| 4 | 1| 1| 2| -| 2| 6| 5th| Agricultural amp; machinery| 5| 2| 3| -| 1| 2| 8| 4th|Score Interpretation 1 represents the pressing need and aspiration of the community in an order to 5 being the least pressing need and aspiration of the community. 4. ANALYSIS OF DEMANDS AND POTENTIALS OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR,NGOs AND CBOs IN THE COMMUNITY. The community has a lot of potential that demand the support of the private sector such as NGOs, CBOs and other organizations. The community is noted to be farming dominated zone and hence needs support from the above organizations in area such as farming.If organizations like OXFAM, PARED provide livestock and other farming logistics it will empower the activities of farming in the community. 5. IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES The community has interest on issues pertaining to education in the community. The community members are doing their best to get a classroom block in col laboration with the school authorities due to the overcrowding nature of the classrooms. The community always supports the school through communal labour. Also the school gets support from other NGOs such as World Food Program (INFP), Catholic Relief Services in collaboration with WorldVision, Eye Wash (Alert Club) are in process of bringing support to the school. 6. COMMUNITY SWOT ANAYSIS ON THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IDENTIFIED The strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analyses the problem and opportunities of the community. These processes will help to sharpen awareness and conceit members of the community about realities in their community and lead them to develop strategies to deal with them. This open the way for effective and relevant project ideas for the communityNEEDS| STRENGTH| WEAKNESS| OPPORTUNITIES| THREATS| Low level of education| Classroom for primary pupils| Inadequate teachers| Support from world food program and CRS| Irregular rainfall| Poor road network| Availability of resource and labour| Lack of initiative| Ministry of road and transport to provide road for the community| Post harvest loses due to bad road network| No access to electricity| Availability of resource labour| Lack of initiative| The government can help them access electricity| Retard development| Insufficient portable water| Two(2) boreholes available| Low access to water| Support from government and other NGOs to be of aid| Scarcity of water| Agriculture input and machinery| Availability of vast land| Low technical knowledge| MOFA,NGOs can provide farm inputs and machinery| Irregular rainfall| 7. DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION(PROPOSAL WRITE UP) Based on the last year’s finding, out of a total population of 471 the illiteracy was calculated to be 62. 63%. As a result of t this, it was found that the major problem of the people of the community is low level of education. The community is contributing their quota to improve the educational system in th e community. 7. 2 GOAL OF THE PROPOSAL The ultimate goal of the proposal is to reduce high illiteracy rate in the Laribanga community. The achievement of this goal will in a long run improve the living standard of the people. 7. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSAL Short Term objectives Provision of Teaching and Learning Materials (TLMs)at the cost GH? 1000. 00 annually Provision of dual desks Improving human resource (Teachers) Sensitization of the parent on the importance of education Long Term objectives Building of six classroom unit block at the cost of GH? 137,003. 32 from December 2012 to December 2014. 7. 4 OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE PROPOSAL 1. Setting up five member resource personnel’s 2. Sensitization of community members on the importance of education 3. Distribution of teaching and learning material (TLMs) 4. Organizing workshops for teachers. 5. Organizing PTA meeting at regular intervals. 6. Organizing Speech and Prize Giving for studentsACTIVITY| OVI| MOV| TF| INPUT| OUTPUT| RESPONSIBILITY| ASSUMPTION| Setup five member resource personals| Committee formed and list of members available| Committee fully working| 2 weeks| Survey of committee to meet stakeholders| Committee has been formed| Manager| Delay in decision makingInadequate qualified resource personnel| Sensitization of community members| Meeting of community members by resource personnel| Presence committee member at meeting| 1 week| Funding and education| Community well sensitized| Co-ordinator| Language barrier| Distribution of Teaching and Learning Materials| List of TLMs given to the school| Monitoring of report| 1 week| Education material and funding| School receive TLMs and can use| Circuit Supervisor| Ineffective supervisionInsufficient funding| Organizing workshop for teachers| Meeting of teacher by resource personnel| Presence of teacher at workshop| 1 week| Funding and transportation| Teachers well upgraded| Facilitator| Poor organizationInadequate funding| Organizing a PTA mee ting| Meeting of teacher and parents by PTA executive| Presence of eacher and parents at meeting| 1 week| Deliberating on PTA agenda| Agenda successfully formed| PTA Chairperson| Poor organizationWeather condition| Organizing Speech and Prize Giving| Setup Speech and Prize Giving committee| Presence of shake holders and invited guest| 1 week| Funding| Speech and Prize Giving successful| Chairperson| Insufficient fundingPoor Organization| BUDGET ACTIVITY| INPUT DISCRIPTION| QUATIITY| UNIT COST(GH? )| TOTAL COST(GH? )| Setup five member resource personnel| Transportation cost(fueling)Refreshment coupons| 10 gallons of fuel 5| 8. 00 15. 00| 80. 00 75. 00| Sensitization of community members| Transportation costOrganizing community gathering| 10 gallons of fuel| 8. 00| 80. 00 300. 00| Distribution of teaching and learning materials| Purchasing of materials Transportation cost| -10 gallons of fuel| 8. 00| 920. 00 80. 0| Organizing workshop for teachers| Transportation costRefreshment cou pons| 10 gallons of fuel| 8. 00 | 80. 00 400. 00| Organizing a PTA meeting| Refreshment coupons| | | 100. 00| Organizing Speech and Prize Giving| Transportation costRefreshment couponsOther logistics| 10 gallons of fuel -| 8. 00 -| 80. 00 1,000. 00 1,500. 00| Building of six classroom block| | | | 137,002. 32| COST OF PAY TO COMMITTEE MEMBERS = GH? 5,000. 00 TOTAL GH? 146,697. 32 6-CLASSROOM BLOCK/OFFICE/STORE/LIBRARY COURTYARDDESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| GROUNDWORKD20 Excavating and fillingClear site of small trees, bushes, shrub etcExcavate top soil and cart away from site to aDistance not exceeding 100m,average depth 150mmExcavation trenches, width exceeding 0. 30m,Maximum depth not exceeding 1. 00mExcavate trenches for aprons and steps, width 0. 30m, maximum depth 0. 25mExcavate pits; maximum depth; not exceeding 1. 00mDisposal of excavated material off siteFilling to excavations, materials arising from excavationsHardcore filling to make up levels, with selected laterite gravel obtained off site and compacted in layers not exceeding 225mm thick, average thickness exceeding 0. 5mFilling to make up level, around building with selected laterite gravel obtained off site and compact, average thickness 150mmApron hardcore bed filling dittoFilling to make up levels, in courtyard with selected laterite gravel obtained off site and compacted, average thickness 150mmFilling with Black soil obtained off site in courtyard average thickness 225mm | 124812481001524574730665359515| m2m2m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3| 1. 301. 305. 005. 005. 002. 002. 0015. 0014. 0014. 0015. 00| 1,622. 401,622. 40500. 0075. 00120. 00114. 0094. 004590. 00910. 00490. 001330. 00225. 00| GROUNDWORK TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| 11,692. 80| 6-CLASSROOM BLOCK/OFFICE/STORE/LIBRARY COURTYARD DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT|Formwork cont’Ditto, to sides and soffits of beams/lintel beltDitto, to sides of stepsDitto, to sides and soffits of croppingE30 Reinforcement for insitu concrete1 2mm diameter; mild steel reinforcement; in column bases12mm diameter; ditto; in all columns12mm diameter; ditto; in beams/ lintel belt6mm diameter links, in columns6mm diameter links in Intel belt/Intel belt6mm diameter links in coping| 138110. 290. 221. 090. 050. 230. 01| m2m2mtttttt| 7. 007. 007. 003,500. 003,500. 003,500. 003,200. 003,200. 003,200. 00| 966. 007. 007. 001,015. 00770. 003,815. 00160. 00736. 1032. 00| Carried to collection| | | | 7,508. 00| COLLECTIONPage No. 2Page No. 3| | | | 30,488. 007,508. 00| IN SITU CONCRETE/LARGE PRECAST CONCRETETOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 37,996. 00| DESCRIPTION | QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|STRUCTURAL/CARCASSING METAL/TIMBERG20 Carpentry/Timber framing/First fixingSawn hardwood50mm x 100mm rafters in trusses50mm x 100mm bottom chords in trusses50mm x 100mm baces in trusses, ripped in two parts for double bracing50mm x 100mm ridge piece 50mm x 50mm Ofram ceiling noggins50mm x 75mm Ofram ceiling joists50mm x 100mm Ofram purlinsWrot hardw ood50mm x 150mm door/window frames38mm x 250mm fascia boards15mm x 45mm door/window stops15mm x 45mm cover battens15mm x 45 ceiling battens| 693634166980103115904395220137345148| mmmmmmmmmmmm| 4. 504. 504. 504. 004. 004. 505. 005. 006. 001. 001. 002. 00| 3,118. 502,853. 007510. 50360. 00412. 00460. 004,068. 001,975. 001,320. 00137. 00345. 00296. 00| Carried to collection| | | | 22,855. 00|DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| Metal work6mm diameter mild steel; door/window clamps;500mm long; including boring into hardwood100mm diameter, door dowel 250mm including boring into hardwood jambs6mm diameter truss anchors 3000mm long including casting into Intel belt and tying to trussesDitto; purlin anchors; 500mm long16mm diameter mild steel burglar bars ends bedded into hardwood6mm diameter mild steel burglar bars reinforcement welded to ends of burglar bars| 3663613678815813| nr nr nr nr m m| | 366. 0036. 00212. 00788. 00344. 8023. 40| Carried to collection| | | | 1,769. 80| COLLECT IONPage No. Page No. 6| | | | 22,855. 001,769. 80| STRUCTURAL/CARCASSING METAL/TIMBERTOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 24,624. 80| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| CLADDING/COVERINGH72 Aluminum sheet coverings/flashings0. 5mm gauge Corrugated Aluminum roofing sheets; with 225mm end laps and two corrugations side laps; including approved drive screw nails, felt and cap as per manufacturer’s specification0. 5mm gauge pre-formed aluminum ridge caps, 457mm girth | 817 80| m2 m| 21. 00 9. 00| 17,157. 00 720. 00| CLADDING/COVERINGTOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 17,877. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|LININGS/SHEATHING/DRY PARTITIONINGS6mm thick plywood ceiling board, BONDPLEX quality fixed by nailing to noggins/joists| 85| m2| 20. 00| 1,700. 00| LINING/SHEATHINGS/DRY PARTITIONINGSTOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 1,700. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| WINDOWS/DOORS/STAIRSMetalwindows/rooflights/screens/LouvreSupply and fix pair 8-blade WYNN louvre ca rriersTimber doors/shutter/hatchesFramed, ledged braced and door; comprising 50mm x 100mm middle rails, 19mm x 75mm V-jointed Tamp;G strips on external face and 6mm thick plywood on internal face; overall size 700mm x 2295mm x 50mm thickDitto; 800mm x 2295mm x 50mm thickFramed, Ledged and galvanized sheet cladded window fans comprising 40mm x 60mm top/bottom rail and stiles, 40mm x 60mm middle rails, 1. 0mm galvanized sheet cladding external face overall size;675mm x 1145 x 44mm thickMetal doors/shutters/hatchersRaised panel flat sheet metal gates with framing and fixing accessories; double leave, overall size 3. 00m x 1. 80m highGeneral glazingPlain/obscure louvre blades; not exceeding 900mStandard unitsTygan aluminum mosquito proof netting or equally approved quality50mm x 50mm grid galvanized weld mesh, 2. 5mm, nailed to hardwood| 221428411762727| nrnrnrnrnrnrm2m2| 45. 00120. 00120. 0060. 00500. 002. 504. 004. 00| 990. 001,680. 00290. 005,040. 00500. 00440. 00108. 00108. 00| WIND OWS/DOORS/STAIRS TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 9,106. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|SURFACE FINISHESSand cement /Concrete/Granolithic screeds/ flooring50mm thick cement and sand screed (1 :4) on floors25mm thick screeded bed (1:4) on aprons and stepsPlastered/Rendered/Roughcast coating13mm thick cement and sand plastering (1:7) on block or concrete surface internally13mm thick cement and sand rendering (1:6) on block work or concrete surface externally13mm thick cement and sand rendering (1:6) on sides of aprons and steps externally13mm thick cement and sand plastering (1:3) on masonry as chalkboardPainting/Clear finishingPrepare and apply three coats Azar emulsion paint on plastered wall surface internallyDitto three coats of Azar Emulsion paint on ceilingDitto three coats of renovator paint on blackboardDitto three coats Azar emulsion paint on rendered wall surface externallyDitto; three coats Azar Tile Red Emulsion paint on lower half below cill to plinth externa llyPrepare knot, prime, stop, and apply one coat Azar wood primer and two final coats Azar gloss paint on hardwood; girth not exceeding 300mmDitto, girth exceeding 300mmDitto, on metal burglar bars | 551806265716617609851750179207168| m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2m2| 8. 004. 504. 505. 004. 006. 002. 302. 302. 302. 302. 302. 002. 002. 00| 4,408. 00360. 002,817. 002,855. 00264. 00100. 001,400. 70195. 5039. 001,152. 30181. 70414. 00s32. 0016. 00| SURFACE FINISHES TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 14,237. 0| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )| BUILDING FABRIC SUNDRIESIronmongeryItaly class A made mortice locks with a set of lever handle furniture as specified by architectApproved quality hasp and staple1 1/2 pair brass butt hinges 100mm long with screws to matchPair brass butt hinges 100mm long with dittoBrass tower bolts; 100mm long screwed to woodBrass tower bolts; 150mm long screwed to woodHeavy duty brass/chrome padlock with set of keys| 27168484147| nrnrnrnrnrnrnr| 46. 009. 006. 0 09. 009. 008. 0014. 00| 92. 0063. 0096. 00756. 00756. 00112. 0098. 00| BUILDING FABRIC SUNDRIES TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY| | | | 1,973. 00| DESCRIPTION| QTY| UNIT| RATE| AMOUNT(? )|SUMMARYGROUNDWORKIN SITU CONCRETE/LARGE PRECAST CONCRETEMASONARYSTRUCTURAL/CARCASSING METAL/TIMBERCLADDING/COVERINGLININGS/SHEATHING/DRY PARTITIONINGSWINDOWS/DOORS/STAIRSSURFACE FINISHESBUILDING FABRIC SUNDRIESMEASURED WORKPRELIMINARIES| | | | 11,692. 8037,996. 0015,735. 0024,624. 8017,877. 001,700. 009,106. 0014,237. 301,973. 00| | | | | 134,941. 902,060. 42| TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST| | | | 137,002. 00| BUDGET = GH? 146,697. 32 10% contingency cost of budget = GH? 14,169. 732 TOTAL COST OF BUDGET = GH? 146,697. 32 + GH? 14,169. 732 = GH? 161,367. 052 7. 6 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES Sustainability of the proposal is important because of the support mechanism or arrangement that has been put in place to support the proposal when it comes to an end.Some of the issues in the Laribanga community are based on the fol lowing Environment Gender Economic Political and Community participation Environmentally, the project can be best sustained if trees are planted around the school to serve as windbreaks. The group also proposes that fence wall should be put up to protect the school property and also setting-up of functional SMC to take care of the maintenance of the school and also cordial relationship among teachers In relation to gender, the community has a current population of five hundred and thirty one (531), out of which two hundred and fifty (250) are males and two hundred and eight one (281) are females.With regards to this, there should be gender sensitivity to ensure sustainability of the school in terms of decision making. Additionally, parents and guardians should be educated on their roles and importance of education by sending their wards to school to help boost the enrollment of the school. Economically, PTA in collaboration with SMCs should establish school farms and use their proce eds from the farm to boost the spirit of teachers and their wards during the school’s Speech and Prize Giving Day. Politically, the project should not be seen as politically motivated where other party members might want to distance themselves in sustaining the project but it should be seen as an asset to the community and its sustainability should be all inclusive.With respect to community participation, the community needs to be part in the project planning, decision making and execution of the project to ensure that the benefits for which the project is executed is being achieved The sustainability of the project is essential in order to improve the educational status of Laribanga and reduce the illiteracy rate. CONCLUSION Laribanga is a community in the Zabzugu District of the Northern Region of Ghana. It is located in the southeast of the District Capital about 40Km (25miles). The community is endowed with natural and human resources. The community has a population of 53 1 of which two hundred and fifty (250) are males and two hundred and eight one (281) are females. Islam is the dominant religion with a percentage of 98. 1% of the population followed by African Traditional Religion and Christianity constituting 1. 7% and 0. 2% respectively. The predominant food crops are yam, maize and groundnuts.The community has numerous developmental challenges which include high illiteracy rate, lack of agricultural farm inputs, no access to electricity and poor sanitation The community through the facilitation of the group proposed the building of a Primary and Junior High School (J. H. S) and other facilities to improve the educational status and reduce the high illiteracy rate in the Laribanga community. The proposed budget is expected to cost GH? 146,697. 32 and covers the period between September 2012 to December 2014 for implementation in order to create a suitable environment for teaching and learning. In addition, this project can be best sustained by t he effective participation of the community, motivation of teachers, formation of functional PTA, SMCs and others RECOMMENDATIONThe following recommendations are derived from the conclusion of the development problems of Laribanga community The community members should plants trees around the school to sustain the project if completed The community member (parents and guidance) should sent their wards to school The District Assembly should ensure the release of extension officers to the community and other NGOs to educate the community farmers since it is a farming zone Parents and guardians should monitor the activities of their wards in school at regular time intervals The community should practice mixed cropping The community members should always be present and punctual at school gathering like PTA meetings. APPENDIX ACRONYMS UDS: Un

Global Marketing, Foreign Markets and Strategies for Successful Entry Assignment - 1

Global Marketing, Foreign Markets and Strategies for Successful Entry - Assignment Example When analyzed through GE Matrix, both Egypt and Russia presented markets that would be highly attractive given the medium strength of Bats Bank as a business unit. While Egypt is the holder of the proud legacy of a bygone glorious civilization, the present condition of the country is not that glorious and its main importance in world commerce and industry is in its guardianship of Suez Canal. But the positive aspect of the Egyptian economy is its stable agriculture and a large concentration of population along both sides of the Nile River that practically bisects the country. However, the high levels of public debt leave very little opportunity for Egyptian Government to invest large amounts in industry. Hence, the scope of other financiers entering the market is rather rosy. And, this is true irrespective of the current political turmoil that the nation is going through. Russia has finally been able to come out of the trauma of disintegration of the Soviet Union and its loss of global superpower status. The free market mechanism has gradually taken a firm grip on Russian economy right from the advent of Perestroika a decade and a half ago and the political and economic stability of the country presents a very attractive opportunity for doing business there. Also, there is a dearth of finance in the market and financial services companies could do very well to bridge this gap. Any company entering Russian markets must take extreme care not to violate the statutory requirements of doing business in that country as any violation of local laws usually leads to the exemplary penalty. Globalization has become the norm of today’s industry and commerce. Business entities are finding it imperative that in order to survive and prosper in this age of cutthroat competition; they must cross national boundaries and mark their presence in foreign markets (Kay 1995). Foreign markets, through a treasure trove of opportunities, also present many issues and problems that need to be solved in a novel manner as business environments in these foreign shores need not be identical to those prevailing in the mother country.

Gender Disparities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender Disparities - Essay Example Their preference for the son superseded their preference for their son’s happiness. One can only imagine what a woman feels when she realizes that because she is a daughter, she is less than a son. The love of her parents will always be inferior. Then when she grows, she becomes aware that this problem goes beyond her house. It affects the entire society, or rather, it infects the whole civilization. Being a daughter is her first state of defeat; it is the defeat of being a daughter, which will eternally turn her into a second-class citizen.Gender discrimination produces unfair gender norms and expectations that delimit women’s capacity for self-development. Mrs. Pritchett wants to feel loved, but she feels it is too late for she married a self-centered man who is unaware of her needs as a woman. She has not developed her personhood because of her restrictions as a woman. These experiences are unique to women because of their womanhood. Their patriarchal society produce s unfair perceptions of women. Gender prejudice drives discrimination that turns women into slaves of men, and as wives, they are slaves of their husbands. Those who are poor are worse off. Mangalam experiences sexual harassment, though this gives her power over a life of poverty. Nevertheless, her experience shows that because she is poor and a woman, she cannot attain the kind of life she wants to have. Sexual harassment is common in patriarchal countries, especially among the working-class women, since they are often powerless.... One can only imagine what a woman feels when she realizes that because she is a daughter, she is less than a son. The love of her parents will always be inferior. Then when she grows, she becomes aware that this problem goes beyond her house. It affects the entire society, or rather, it infects the whole civilization. Being a daughter is her first state of defeat; it is the defeat of being a daughter, which will eternally turn her into a second-class citizen. Gender discrimination produces unfair gender norms and expectations that delimit women’s capacity for self-development. Mrs. Pritchett wants to feel loved, but she feels it is too late for she married a self-centered man who is unaware of her needs as a woman. She has not developed her personhood because of her restrictions as a woman. These experiences are unique to women because of their womanhood. Their patriarchal society produces unfair perceptions of women. Gender prejudice drives discrimination that turns women int o slaves of men, and as wives, they are slaves of their husbands. Those who are poor are worse off. Mangalam experiences sexual harassment, though this gives her power over a life of poverty. Nevertheless, her experience shows that because she is poor and a woman, she cannot attain the kind of life she wants to have. Sexual harassment is common in patriarchal countries, especially among the working-class women, since they are often powerless against these male sexual predators (Gupta 95). Being a woman and being poor are the worst human conditions because they prepare women for a life of servitude, and with servitude, disappointment looms. Middle-class women are trapped in middle-class norms. They are afraid of what their society will think of them if

The Opportunities and Challenges of Contemporary Public Health Policy Essay

The Opportunities and Challenges of Contemporary Public Health Policy for Specialist Community Public Health Nursing - Essay Example This paper is a critical review of the available literature on specialist community public health policy in England as applicable to health visiting. Some of the more recent position papers along with several research papers on the role of health visiting nurses, their qualifications and skills and the relevant policies will be reviewed. The advantages of health visiting to the target segment and the various challenges faced by health visitors as well the administration will also be discussed to understand the health visiting environment in England. Specialist community health policy in England Despite recognizing the importance of public health promotion and preventative strategies through community settings, public health issues concerning health visiting still remains a subject that attracts much attention. Health visiting may have evolved from simply being concerned with sanitation to addressing maternal and child welfare; it is now being touted as the most essential of services in the realm of public health. Today, health visiting in England and UK as in other countries is being given the importance that it demands. This concept of health visiting primarily focuses on generating awareness among individuals, families and communities as a whole of the importance of ensuring the wellness of both the child and the family (Carr et al, 2012). However, there is an increasing awareness among practitioners and policy makers alike of the need for effective policies and implementation strategies to cater to the demanding and more complex needs of the changing community settings which are more heading towards being multi-ethnic and diverse in nature. There is evidence of a multi-pronged approach to developing health visiting services in England. This can be seen from the initiative by National Health Services (NHS) in gathering evidence base for improving public health based on a three-tier structure that takes in to account the strategic directions set by a board of advisors in collecting the evidence base, dividing the work based on reference group and forming of user panels to establish a framework for evaluation of the evidence base (Bull et al, 2004). The Royal College of Nurisng (RCN), UK’s largest association of nurses, midwives, health visitors and other practitioners has published a position paper on health visiting (â€Å"Pillars of the Community: the RCN UK position on the development of the registered nursing workforce in the community†) which has since been instrumental in contributing to the decision of the Department of Health to endorse the coalition government’s pledge to increase the number of health visitors from 8000 to more than 12000 (an increase by 4200) and also the ‘Health Visitor implementation Plan’ set to guide and strengthen health visiting service in the country, as part of the â€Å"A Call to action: 2011’ publication that endorses a four tier model: Community; Universal; U niversal Plus and Universal Partnership Plus (Health Visiting Services & Public Health Nursing: a consultation document, 2012). Concerns have been raised on the role of health nurses in the community settings where it seemed to take on the role of surveillance more than support to the families of the different communities. However, specialist community

Literature Review on Mortgage Default

Literature Review on Mortgage Default Literature review The evolution of mortgage default studies is characterized by Quercia and Stegman (1992) into three types of studies. The earliest work dating back to the 1970s focuses from a lenders perspective on simple correlations and regression models capturing important borrower characteristics that can forecast bankruptcy. Home equity, income variability, loss of employment, death, and divorce are found to be the most important predictors of default risk (Von Furstenberg, 1969; Herzog and Early, 1970; Vandell, 1978). The second generation of default research, rooted in consumer behavior theory, models the behavior of households, who rationally decide to default, in a more structural way. Papers by Jackson and Kasserman (1980), Campbell and Dietrich (1983), and Foster and Van Order (1984) explicitly formulate net-equity maximization models of default. Such `ruthless default models predict immediate default if a propertys value drops a small margin below the level of the mortgage. These models emphasize the financial aspects of the mortgage default decision, ignoring borrowers characteristics. Towards the start of the 1990s, several models began examining transaction costs and crisis events that may delay, expedite, or eliminate the need to default. Quigley and Van Order (1992) find that transaction and reputation costs make the default option on mortgages less ruthless than in other frictionless financial markets. While transaction costs by themselves do not explain observed behavior, reputation costs in particular are consistent with observed default behavior. These second-generation studies constitute the basis for the current state of the theory. The examination of the default decision as an option and the central role of net equity constitute the dominant view in studies of default. Conceptually, the basic theory postulated by second-generation studies has not been revised since. The recent financial crisis has stimulated a revival of the academic interest in mortgage default, and the birth of a third generation of research models. Specifically, there have been attempts to integrate mortgage default into more general equilibrium models of consumer behavior. Campbell and Cocco (2014) model mortgage foreclosures structurally and find negative equity, borrowing constraints, high debt-to-income ratios and income growth as important determinants of foreclosure. Goodhart et al. (2011) and Foote et al. (2008) use a two-period model to show that households choose to default and lose their homes to foreclosure, if the net implicit rents from owning plus the expected net equity position over their tenure horizon is negative. They find that expected house price appreciation, and the size of the mortgage payment are the main factors in determining default. Corradin (2012) builds a life-cycle continuous-time model of household leverage and default in which the agents opti mally choose the down-payment, abstracting from inflation and interest rate risk. Garriga and Schlagenhauf (2009) also solve an equilibrium model of long-term mortgage choice and default to understand how leverage affects the default decision. Forlati and Lambertini (2011), the closest paper to this thesis, builds an infinite-horizon DSGE model with housing, risky mortgages and endogenous default. They introduce idiosyncratic risk in housing investment and the possibility for loans to be defaulted on, which results in an endogenous borrowing constraint exactly as the one for firms in Bernanke, Gertler, and Gilchrist (1999). Their model does not feature any penalties for the households that choose to default. This assumption is unrealistic, as in the United States as well as in other countries, defaulters incur reputation and credit score penalties which affect their possibility to borrow in the future, in addition to collateral losses. Hence, introducing non-pecuniary default penalties is useful when thinking about an equilibrium with default. The Forlati and Lambertini (2011) model also does not include a financial sector, therefore the financial accelerator mechanism is absent, in particular the banking side. There is no role for negative feedback loops operating through the banking sector as rising bad loan books and bank insolvencies, amplified by a liquidity crisis, can lead to a sharp credit contraction. This thesis builds a model incorporating some of these missing links. The literature review indicates a continued interest in mortgage default. While most empirical studies are well-advanced in their discoveries of the determinants of default, the theoretical literature is lagging behind developing models able to capture these determinants. I attempt to bridge the gap between the empirical determinants of default and the theory, by constructing a dynamic optimization model of borrower choice with housing market frictions and endogenous mortgage default, that will feature default centered around negative net equity, reputation penalties, and house valuation shocks. Refining the current DSGE models with the introduction of financial and micro-founded consumer behavior frictions is essential for the study of business cycles and financial stability. Theoretical Model This thesis builds a DSGE model drawing on a number of contributions in the literature on credit markets, housing markets, and debt default. The starting point is a model with financial frictions on the demand-side for credit (i.e. Kiyotaki and Moore, 1997; Iacoviello and Neri, 2010), to which I add a housing sector, a financial sector and endogenous debt default. The idea of default comes from the asset pricing literature, which allows for the existence of default as an equilibrium phenomenon (Dubey et al., 2005; Geanakoplos and Zame, 2013). A stylized representation of the model is depicted in Figure ref{fig8}. The economy operates in discrete time over an infinite horizon and combines five elements: 1) two types of households, namely textit{savers} and textit{borrowers}, who consume manufactured goods, accumulate housing, and work; 2) a financial sector collecting deposits and extending collateralized mortgages; 3) a large set of real (consumption habits, adjustment costs) and nom inal (price and wage) rigidities; 4) financing frictions in the housing and financial sector; and 5) a rich set of shocks, essential in taking the model to the data. The economy is populated by patient (savers) and impatient (borrowers) households. Patient households consume, accumulate housing stock, save, and work. They own the productive capital of the economy, and supply capital funds to firms on the one hand, and deposits to banks on the other. Impatient households consume, accumulate housing stock, borrow from banks, and work. Both patient and impatient households supply labor services through labor unions, which set their wages subject to a Calvo scheme. On the supply side, the non-housing sector combines labor and capital to produce consumption and business capital for both sectors. The construction sector produces new homes combining labor and land with business capital. The two groups of households have different discount factors. Discount factor heterogeneity between households induces heterogeneity in the marginal utility of saving across households. All else equal, borrowers have a lower $beta^*$ and a higher marginal utility of immediate consumption relative to savers, inducing a desire to trade inter-temporally. Borrowers obtain collateralized mortgages from banks, while savers have a high discount factor $beta$ and invest their resources into bank deposits. The availability of loans to borrowers is subject to a borrowing constraint linked to the market value of their housing stock and the ability of the lending banks to extend credit. Borrowers can experience negative housing value shocks that are only observed by the households themselves. When the value of their house falls below the value of their loan repayment, they choose to default on part of their mortgage. Default on secured debt is modeled through the partial loss of collateral and a non-pecuniary default penalty that enters the utility function of the households directly. In case of default, borrowers lose some of their housing stock which is repossessed by the bank, suffer a non-pecuniary default penalty, and re-enter the housing market in the next period as buyers again. Default is endogenously determined and, consistent with the literature on second-generation default models, triggered by shocks that are large enough to cause leveraged households to owe on their house more than the house is worth. Borrowers and savers are unable to directly write financial contracts. They do so through financial intermediaries. The financial sector is simply market-based: banks borrow from savers in order to give loans to borrowers. In this way, I layer two sets of financial frictions that interact in equilibrium: first, banks are constrained in how much they can borrow from ultimate savers, and second ultimate borrowers are constrained in how much they can borrow from the banks. Monetary policy is conducted by a central bank which faces a trade-off between output gap and inflation stabilization. The model provides a framework to understand the impact of house price fluctuations, monetary policy, demand shocks, and credit availability on the economy and the ways in which financial regulation can dampen boom and bust cycles in the housing market.

The Effect of Telecommunications Technology on our Work and Play :: Technology Impact Technological Essays

Cell phones have changed the atmosphere of our workplaces, making them more escapable physically, yet at the same time making them less escapable mentally. Enhanced with other phone services such as caller ID, call forwarding, and answering machines they have created whole new sets of contacting games between employee's and their co-workers. They have made our roads more dangerous, yet having them in our cars has made it easier to call a tow truck when you're stranded, or to call a radio station to report gridlock. The same person that uses their phone in line at the store to get the advantage over the unreachable employee to gain status at the office, also loses status in the community due to the snickering behind them in line. The recent telecommunications improvements provide an opportunity for the appealing psuedo-self-employed aspects of telecommuting. For parents, cell phones have eliminated the excuses of the late night returning child when asked 'Why didn't you call?" Cell ph ones have obviously intruded into our lives in more ways than we even realize at first glimpse, while making a great deal of things we do much easier. In this paper I will attempt to expand on how these changing relationships effect our always stressed out society. Wireless Communications is in the grand scheme of technological development, a rather recent event. But the quickness to which the market of cellular phones has expanded shows that some people have definitely embraced it as a positive. The graph on the following page shows the rapidity of America's love affair with the cell phone. Radio Telephone technology started in 1977 when Motorola, American Radio Telephone, and AT&T were licensed by the FCC to develop a high capacity radio telephone system for shortwave radio bands. In 1978 AT&T began the first radio telephone system test operations in Chicago. The Japenese inaugurated the first commercial cellular telephone system in Tokyo in 1979. In the United States, the Federal Communications commission authorized commercial cell phones in 1982 and the first system was set up by Ameritech in Chicago the following year. AT&T and Motorola followed in 1984 with their own systems in New York and Washington D.C.. The amount of customers and potential customers rapidly expanded and by 1990 there were systems in place, or close to being completed in every market in the United States. As the graph shows the early 1990's gave way to an exponential growth in ownership of cell phones especially as the new digital lighter weight phones became available in 1992.

India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E.

Ashley Thompson AP World History Ms Thurgood,1-3 Chapter 6: India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B. C. E. -600 C. E. P: *Around 1000 B. C. E the people were divided into kinship groups while the kings ruled over the tribes. Later under the Kings were military and civil officials, which dealt with records, income of the government and custom duties. During the Gupta empire there was a rather decentralized administration unlike the Mauryan Empire. *Brahmans and warriors were at the highest point in the Hierarchy and there were structural laws based on the caste system. Rulers in Southeast Asia used their Indian knowledge and personnel to increase their power. E: *Heavy taxes were imposed on common people during the Gupta Empire. India traded extensively with South East and East Asia. *One’s economic status in India could be compared to that of a capitalist society. This is because of the belief in reincarnation, and that whoever you were in your last life determined who you were in yo ur next life. These reincarnations were placed into a caste and whichever caste you were placed in depicted your social and economic status.Who you were and what you did depicted your well being. * The Funan (SE Asia) society was able to take control over the trade route between India and China by extending control over most of Indochina and the Malay Peninsula. R: *There was a spread and development of belief systems such as Vedism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism. *There were many religious texts such as: Mahabharata- The vast epic of the events leading up to a battle between kinship groups in early India.Bhagavad-Gita: A dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna about the fate of the spirit. Vedas: Religious texts communicated orally by Brahmin priests that were eventually written down and are the main source of about the Vedic period. *Buddha played a major role in the spread of Buddhism, as he was the founder. S: *Class and Caste: The varna/jati was the main categories of social identity. The Varna contained the 4 major social divisions: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.Underneath these were the Untouchables who were excluded from the class system. The jati were the regional groups of people who had common occupancy who generally interacted with the people from their group. *In terms with the patriarchal society women had little rights. In the Gupta Empire moreso women lost their rights to own and inherit property, and were banned from studying sacred texts and participate in sacrificial rituals. They also were married at a very early age. Some women escaped male control by joining Jainist and Buddhist communities. COT: Although women were never viewed as on the same level socially as men, their rights declined dramatically between 320 C. E. -550 C. E. I: *ca. 1500 B. C. E. there was a migration of Indo-European people into northwest India. There were interactions between Asia and India through trade. * In SE Asia Indian culture was received, what was useful to them was extracted and put into beliefs and values. A: Many statues, sculptures, and temples were built to honor Hindu deities and also to honor Buddha. important points: *ca. 500 B. C. E. – Siddhartha Gautama founds Buddhism; Mahavira founds Jainism. This is important because this was the beginning of two very important and influential religions of this time. *ca. 1500 B. C. E. – Migration of Indo-European people into northwest India. This was important because these people brought in outside influences, and they also started the prejudice of the Dasas by the Aryans, which led to the caste system. *550 C. E. – Collapse of the Gupta Empire.This was important because this was the end of an empire of poor economy and low status of women. Vocabulary *moksha: The Hindu concept of the spirit’s â€Å"liberation† from the endless cycle of rebirths. * â€Å" Great Vehicles† branch of Buddhism that focuses on reveren ce for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened people who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. *Theravada Buddhism: â€Å"Way of the elders† branch of Buddhism that downplays the importance of the gods and emphasizes the individual’s search for enlightenment. Tamil Kingdoms: The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, that produced epics, poetry, and performance arts. *Funan: An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the 1st and 6th centuries C. E. It was centered in the rice-growing region of southern Vietnam. Comparative thesis: Although both India and Southeast Asia between 1500 B. C. E-300C. E. had apparent religion, India had a more structured system, while in Asia there was a more open influence on religion.

5 Points About Parallel Structure

5 Points About Parallel Structure 5 Points About Parallel Structure 5 Points About Parallel Structure By Mark Nichol The following five sentences present various problems with sentence organization. Each is followed by a discussion of the sentence and a revision that addresses the problem. 1. The policy is effective, proportionate, and meets the standards. Effective has the verb is, and standards is supported by meets, but proportionate has no dance partner. It needs the twin of is, or must share the original instance of the verb, as shown here: â€Å"The policy is effective and proportionate and meets the standards.† 2. It was a stated requirement not to further increase but, rather, to reallocate capital. This sentence is not wrong, but it suffers from a delayed keyword. It’s not clear until after the sentence is read that the intention is to counterpoint the idea of increasing capital with the idea of reallocating capital; capital is too far removed from the first word it is intended to be associated with. When capital is located immediately after that first word, the sentence is clearer, and a pronoun can replace the keyword at the end of the sentence: â€Å"It was a stated requirement not to further increase capital but, rather, to reallocate it.† 3. We appreciate your time and contributions to our study. If â€Å"and contributions† is omitted from this sentence, what remains is the ungrammatical â€Å"We appreciate your time to our study.† To clarify that time and contributions are not intended to be strictly parallel, the pronoun your should be repeated in order to produce two distinct clauses, where a repetition of â€Å"we appreciate† is implied after and: â€Å"We appreciate your time and your contributions to our study.† 4. They might be confronted with situations that they may not have experienced before and might test them to their limits. In the simple sentence â€Å"They might be confronted with situations that they may not have experienced before,† that is optional. However, in a more complex statement, it is necessary not once, but twice, to signal that â€Å"they may not have experienced before† and â€Å"might test them to their limits† are parallel phrases: â€Å"They might be confronted with situations that they may not have experienced before and that might test them to their limits.† 5. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued a joint statement on the new rules. The phrase â€Å"Board of Governors† applies only to the Federal Reserve System, so the first item in this list needs to be set off from the rest (rather, the list needs to be set off from this item) so that no implication that each of the other entities has a board of governors exists: â€Å"The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, as well as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, issued a joint statement on the new rules.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?â€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Free Essays on Music And The Mind

Even before film, music has been used to enhance dances, rituals, ceremonies and plays because of music's ability to characterize certain settings and determine the audience's reaction. Filmmakers also use music to accompany their works for several practical and aesthetic reasons. The job of creating the musical accompaniment for film has taken various forms, but as film production and technology has evolved, the process of scoring music for films has been refined into a standard process. This process creates a set of parameters a composer must work within in order to create new music for a film or in some cases adjust existing music. Composers invent innovative forms of musical expression unique to the specific intention of the film’s visuals. The film composer, through years of experience has acquired specific compositional techniques, that allows work within these production guidelines while still composing new, artistically revealing music that enhances the film’s s torylin! e. Through the scoring of any film, the music can easily manipulate an audience into any emotion by simply existing through the seemingly appropriate and sometimes contradicting use of space and time. The job of scoring film took on various forms, shapes and sizes through the years, as the task was entrusted to a pianist, followed by live orchestras, and briefly, according to London, gramophone records (85). Eventually, technology allowed sound to be recorded to the same film that showed the picture, which effectively re-standardized the presentation of film. Filmmakers then delivered the whole package. Up to then, the original composition of music for film existed, but was severely limited because of the "amateurism" of the local cinema orchestra (London 84). But in 1929 with the new standard of the sound-movie, the original composition of music for a specific film became standard procedure. About a decade later, composer Aaron Copland observed new ways t... Free Essays on Music And The Mind Free Essays on Music And The Mind Even before film, music has been used to enhance dances, rituals, ceremonies and plays because of music's ability to characterize certain settings and determine the audience's reaction. Filmmakers also use music to accompany their works for several practical and aesthetic reasons. The job of creating the musical accompaniment for film has taken various forms, but as film production and technology has evolved, the process of scoring music for films has been refined into a standard process. This process creates a set of parameters a composer must work within in order to create new music for a film or in some cases adjust existing music. Composers invent innovative forms of musical expression unique to the specific intention of the film’s visuals. The film composer, through years of experience has acquired specific compositional techniques, that allows work within these production guidelines while still composing new, artistically revealing music that enhances the film’s s torylin! e. Through the scoring of any film, the music can easily manipulate an audience into any emotion by simply existing through the seemingly appropriate and sometimes contradicting use of space and time. The job of scoring film took on various forms, shapes and sizes through the years, as the task was entrusted to a pianist, followed by live orchestras, and briefly, according to London, gramophone records (85). Eventually, technology allowed sound to be recorded to the same film that showed the picture, which effectively re-standardized the presentation of film. Filmmakers then delivered the whole package. Up to then, the original composition of music for film existed, but was severely limited because of the "amateurism" of the local cinema orchestra (London 84). But in 1929 with the new standard of the sound-movie, the original composition of music for a specific film became standard procedure. About a decade later, composer Aaron Copland observed new ways t...

How the Anglo-American Special Relationship between Britain and Research Paper

How the Anglo-American Special Relationship between Britain and America was influenced during the American Revolution through the use and politics of eighteenth century newspapers and other media - Research Paper Example It is against such a backdrop that this paper analyzes the influence of media on the American Revolution from both angles. The American Revolution forms one of the most prominent events in the history of America. The themes of loyalists and patriots are synonymous with American Revolution in many historical discourses. These themes are usually accompanied with American icons, such as John Adams, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.1 Even though the revolution is identified with few historical icons, the revolution agenda would not have materialized without the input from commoners and other factions. In essence, the Founding Fathers relied heavily on support from diverse factions in their quest to achieve social, political and economic emancipation. One of the factions that lend more credence to the American Revolution was the press.2 The Concept of American Revolution has always been confused or even synonymously treated the same as the American War. John Adams addressed himself to this issue, stating that the American Revolution and the American War are completely two different phenomena. The American Revolution preceded the American War. Adams, who became the second president of the United States, wrote that: â€Å"The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people†¦ This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution.†3 In light of Adams sentiments, the answer as to why colonists were so unhappy to the point of challenging the strongest army in the world at the time (British Army) lies in printed word. Before 1776, American colonies were awash with small newspapers. Publishers and printers behind these newspapers were among the most rebellious and enlightened Americans. Some of notable publishers and printers included Samuel Adams of Boston (the founder of the Public

The septuagint and it's origins Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The septuagint and it's origins - Research Paper Example It is significant to note that the Septuagint had its emergence or origin in Alexandria (Hengel 25-27). In addition, it was broadly utilized among the Hellenistic Jews. The Greek translation was conducted because many Jews in the empire started to lose their original Hebrew language. The Letter of Aristeas started that about 72 Jews writers were mandated during the rule of Ptolemy Philadelphus to conduct the work of translation. Therefore, the word Septuagint refers to seventy in Latin Language and the scripture is called so to acknowledge the 72 Jews scholars. It is difficult to tell the exact century and place in which the translation was done but renowned Jews scholars such as Aristobulus who lived in the 2nd century asserted that the description of the policy or law into Greek was finished during the rule of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Due to this, it has been acknowledged that the translation commenced during this time. It is recorded in the letter of the Aristeas that when the transl ation was read in front of the Jewish priests, people and princes in Alexandria who identified and praised the excellent conformity of the translation with the original Hebrew. On the other hand, the widely accepted origin of the Septuagint holds that according to the Pentateuch, the Jews people in the 2nd and 3rd century were many in Egypt, particularly in Alexandria in that at one point, they comprised of the two-fifths of the total population (Abraham 55). Gradually, the Jews people stopped using the Hebrew language and began to forget it, which posed a risk of them forgetting the law. However, it became customary for to explain and interpret the law, which was read in the temple or synagogue, and it was usual that after some time, some people zealous for the policy or law should have commenced to collect and compile a Greek translation of the law or the Pentateuch (Mclay 39-42). This process took place in the middle of the 3rd century. It is important to note that as to the othe r Hebrew Scriptures-the historical and prophetical-it was usual that the Jews living in Alexandria were using the translated law or Pentateuch in their church or liturgical services. In addition, the desire to read the remaining scriptures led to the gradual translation into Greek, which had become their original language. This in turn implied that the Hebrew language was diminishing and dying daily. It is not easy to figure out the exact time in which the translations were made but it can be deduced that Pentateuch or law, historical, prophets and other scriptures or books such as hagiographies existed in Greek as early as the 2nd century. It is also difficult to know the exact number of the translators but it is said that they were seventy or seventy tow as stated in the Brassac-Vigouroux narration. On the other hand, the Talmudists argue that the law or Pentateuch was translated by five people. History offers us no precise figure but the scriptures reveal that the authors were di stinct for different scriptures (Wegner 61-4). Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or book is a word applied to refer to the accepted anthology or collection of Jewish scripture that are the common source of the Old Testament scriptures. These books are